Cri well the problem was found and defined (including learning about factors contribut- ing to the problem and agreeing upon goals) and how well the solution worked. To what extent do you think the problem definition process affected the adequacy of the solution chosen? In retrospect do you see how the quality of thinking affected the decision identification process? 7. Medical error is a serious and controversial problem for health care. Dr. Lucian Leape, a leading researcher on medical error, concludes Errors result from faulty systems not from faulty people (2000, p. 97). Discuss how Leape's view fits with attribution theory, and the implications for health care managers. What does the literature say about what managers believe about the causes of medical error? What messages do organizational practices send employees about the causes of medical error? 8. Implicit bias is unconscious bias, which makes it difficult to recognize and change. What can an individual employee do to reduce bias and discrimination in the workplace? from ctives