Lisa worked as a project coordinator at a large marketing firm.

She was highly motivated and believed in the company's mission,

but lately, she'd been struggling. Lisa often took the lead on

complex campaigns, staying late to ensure every detail was

perfect. However, despite her hard work, when the time came for

bonuses or promotions, she was passed over repeatedly. She

started to notice that no matter how much extra effort she put

into her projects, it didn't seem to influence her outcomes.

Promotions were based more on seniority than performance, and

bonuses seemed to be distributed randomly, with no clear link to

individual contributions.

The issue facing Lisa is most likely an issue of what?

Instrumental$$y

Valence

Expectancy