Match the five principles of lean management with the appropriate description.

Question $13$ options:

Value stream mapping

Just in time production

Value from the customer's point of view

Kaizen

Create Flow

$1.$

While this seems simple enough, it requires much more than high$-$sounding, generic statements. To be meaningful, value must be defined in terms of specific products. This means that managers must understand how each specific product meets the needs of specific customers at a specific price and at a specific time.

$2.$

The direct manufacturing activities and indirect activities such as order processing, purchasing, and materials management. Developing a detailed description or map of each value stream usually reveals huge amounts of waste. It enables managers to identify which of the activities add value to the product, which activities add no value but cannot be immediately eliminated for various reasons, and which activities create no value and can be immediately eliminated $($or at least reduced substantially$).$

$3.$

When a value stream has been completely described as unnecessary, non$-$value$-$adding activities have been eliminated, the basic idea of this is to arrange the remaining activities sequentially, so that products will move smoothly and continuously from one activity to the next. This is the lean principle that directly challenges the traditional "batch$-$and$-$queue" model of manufacturing, where people and equipment are organized and located by function, and products $($and component parts$)$ are manufactured in large batches. Lean organizations strive to improve this concept by reducing the size of production batches, and in the process, they increase flexibility and lower costs.

$4.$

One of the greatest benefits of moving from traditional batch$-$and$-$queue manufacturing to continuous flow production is that lead times fall dramatically. Reduced lead times and increased flexibility mean that lean organizations can respond to actual customer demand rather than attempt to predict in advance what that level of demand will be$.$ This allows lean organizations to substantially lower both finished goods and work$-$in$-$process inventories.

$5.$

Companies that implement lean adopt the mind$-$set that it is always possible to improve any business activity, and they regularly conduct these events throughout their organizations to improve specific processes or operations. Today, Toyota is recognized as one of the most "lean" business enterprises in the world. Even more daunting, and humbling, is the fact that Toyota is still striving to improve.