Operation Management :

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The 5th distinction is based on lead time/response time to customers demand. Manufacturers take generally some lead time (i.e. time period from placing the order to get the product) in terms of days/week. Whereas the services are offered within few minutes of customers arrival. For ex: ATM Service, getting postal stamps, getting grocery from a retail shop and getting examined by a doctor etc. The 6th distinction is on availability. Products can be available from regional, national or international markets due to availability of transportations and distribution facilities whereas, service can't shipped to distant locations. Thus service organization requiring direct customer contact must locate very near to the customers. The 7th distinction is based on liabilities/facilities. Manufacturing unit/organization producing products generally require larger facilities, more automation and greater capital investment than service providing organization. The gih distinction is based on capital/labour priority. Generally manufacturing firm producing goods/products require more capital than a ce provider. Ex. An aut obile firm requires more capital than a post office/Nursing home. The 9th and 10'h distinction is based on quality and demand variation. 2.4 Various types of Layout: Plant layout means the disposition of the various facilities (equipment, material, manpower etc.) and services of the plant within the area of site located. Objectives . Material handling and transportation is minimized and effectively controlled. Bottlenecks and points of congestions are eliminated (by line balancing) so that the raw- material and semi-finished goods move fast from one workstation to other. Workstations are designed suitable and properly. Suitable spaces are allocated to production centers and service centers. The movements made by the workers minimized. . . Layout can be classified into the following four categories: a. process layout b. product layout c. Group layout(combination layout) d. Fixed position layout Production is the basic activity of all organizations and all other activities revolve around production activity. The output of production is the creation of goods and services which satisfy the needs of the customers. In some organization the product is physical (tangible) good. For example, refrigerators, motor cars, television, toothpaste etc., while in others it is a service (insurance, healthcare etc.). The production system has the following characteristics: . . Production is an organized activity, so every production system has an objective. The system transforms the various inputs (men, material, machines, information,energy) to useful outputs (goods and/or services). Production system doesn't oppose in isolation from the other organization system such as marketing, finance etc. There exists a feedback about the activities which is essential to control and improve system performance. The transformation process involves many activities and operation necessary to change inputs to output. These operations and activities can be mechanical, chemical, inspection and control, material handling operation etc. 2.2 Models of Production system: A model is a representation of reality that captures the essential features of an object/system/process. Three types of models are there such as physical, schematic and mathematical. 1. II. Physical model: Replica of a physical object with a change of scale. a. For big/huge structure of physical object: small scale (Ex. solar system) b. For microscopic objects: magnified scale(Ex. Atomic model) Schematic model: These are 2-D models which represents Price fluctuations with year. Symbolic chart of activities in sequence for a job. Maps of routings Networks of timed events. . . The pictorial aspects are useful for good demonstration purposes. III. Mathematical model: Formulas and equations have long being the servants of physical sciences. One can represent the important aspect of a system/problem in mathematical form using variables, parameters and functions. This is called mathematical model by analyzing and manipulating the mathematical model, we can learn how the real system will behave under various conditions. 9. How is stability in jobs for the workers affected due to globalisation