Please read the following excerpt and answer the next two questions:

What wild animals can teach you about leadership

After humans, chimpanzees are possibly the most politically aware species on the planet: they use all the tricks of politics to gain and retain power. Chimps are clear about their desire for power and the privileges it brings (mostly of a sexual nature), and the way they use alliances for this purpose would give Machiavelli something to think about. Chimpanzee groups are ruled by a dominant male who often fights for the position. The alpha position is tenuous and stressful with many challengers and a lot of responsibility.

Male chimpanzees use three strategies to gain and keep power: brute strength and intimidation, intelligence and political alliances. In some cases a strong, large male may rise to the top through violence and intimidation only. Combining a good dominance display with emotional intelligence, however, can have an even better outcome. A chimp with emotional intelligence knows just how to keep everyone in the troop happy. Like a politician he will hand out small favours. He will groom those he seeks to influence, shares food, and plays with babies to impress their mothers.

The third political strategy male chimpanzees use is building alliances. For a male chimpanzee to retain power he has to carefully manage his relationships with other powerful males. If he can put together a large and steady alliance he will be able to lead the community. Males in the power coalition spend nearly all their time together: they groom, share food and back one another during fights. A chimp that is able to use a combination of political strategies is most likely to gain a position of leadership.

Political chimps, like leaders in our society, have negative and positive traits, but there are many constructive traits. Being a good chimpanzee leader is hard work. There are many demands on this individual who has to nurture his relationships in the clan to keep the top job. Chimp troops are reciprocal societies: favours are exchanged and a good alpha male is the hub of this, making sure he includes everyone. The average reign of a chimp who relies primarily on intimidation is only a couple of years at most, whereas those who focus on coalition-building end up staying at the top for 10 years or more. Violent bullies never last long in the leadership role. They are replaced viciously as soon as a kinder alternative is available. Chimp leadership is about protecting the troop and maintaining harmony.

Q1:

In hyena societies, there is a strict hierarchy with a dominant female. The dominance is achieved by a strange anatomical different where the female has an enlarged clitoriz that can control who she copulates with. Based on the material presented in the Module, the best explanation for how the female in this society achieved dominance by:

a. Being the choosy sex

b. Coercion

c. Physical prowess

d. Creating alliances

Q2: Imagine a new study comes out that says that, pound for pound, chimpanzees are the strongest of the apes. What concept from Module 1 does this conclusion challenge?

a. The female being the choosy sex has no bearing on leadership structure

b. Among the apes, leaders emerge that are the most physically dominant

c. Leadership and social structure emerged because of humans inherent weakness compared to other species

d. Power can be the same as leadership