Q$1)$

For the constant$-$head seepage problems $(1)$ and $(2)$ in the figure, determine their respective total

head and pressure head variations along the tubes. Taking the saturated unit weight of the soil as

$19k\frac{N}{m^3},$ determine the effective vertical stress $\text{'}$ on plane XX in each case by $2$ methods:

$($i$)$ using pore water pressure $u$

$($ii$)$ using seepage pressure $($or seepage force per unit volume acting on the soil$)j.$

$(1)$

$(2)$

Figure Q$1$