Use the present value table in Appendix A and Appendix B to compute the NPV of each of the following cash outflows:

Required:

a$.$ $$31,500$ paid at the end of four years. The discount rate is $6$ percent.

b$.$ $$3,350$ paid at the end of three years and $$7,750$ paid at the end of five years. The discount rate is $7$ percent.

c$.$ $$11,100$ paid annually at the end of each of the next four years. The discount rate is $6$ percent.

d$.$ $$1,580$ paid annually at the end of each of the next four years and $$3,160$ paid at the end of the fifth year. The discount rate is $6$ percent.

Note: For all requirements, round discount factor$($s$)$ to $3$ decimal places, all other intermediate calculations and final answers to the nearest whole dollar amount.

$\backslash$table$[[,$Amount$],[$a$.$ Net present value,$],[$b$.$ Net present value,$],[$c$.$ Net present value,$],[$d$.$ Net present value,$]]$