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social science
positive psychology
Psychology In Everyday Life 5th Edition David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall - Solutions
therapies are designed to help individuals discover the unconscious thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior.
A therapist who helps clients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams, is drawing froma. psychoanalysis.b. humanistic therapies.c. person-centered therapy.d. behavior therapy.
(Women/men) are more likely than (women/men) to die by suicide.
PET scans of murderers’ brains have revealeda. higher-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.b. lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.c. more frontal lobe tissue than normal.d. no differences in brain structures or activity.
A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized bya. depression.b. hallucinations.c. inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.d. an elevated level of autonomic nervous system arousal.
Dissociative identity disorder is controversial becausea. dissociation is quite rare.b. it was reported frequently in the 1920s but is rarely reported today.c. it is almost never reported outside North America.d. its symptoms are nearly identical to those of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa?a. People with bulimia continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight.b. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges.c. Those with bulimia are equally likely to be male or female.d. If one twin
Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best whena. onset is sudden, in response to stress.b. deterioration occurs gradually, during childhood.c. no environmental causes can be identified.d. there is a detectable brain abnormality.
Valencia exclaimed, “The weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It’s hot one day and freezing the next!” In addition to being insensitive to those with schizophrenia, this comparison is inaccurate. Why?
People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, an example of a(n).
A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experiencea. a mute and rigid body.b. delusions.c. withdrawal.d. flat emotion.
Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the - perspective.
Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters and .
Rates of bipolar disorder in the United States rose dramatically between 1994 and 2003, especially amonga. middle-aged women.b. middle-aged men.c. people 20 and over.d. people 19 and under.
An important psychological contributor to drug use isa. inflated self-esteem.b. the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless.c. a genetic predisposition.d. overprotective parents.
Use of marijuanaa. impairs motor coordination, perception, and reaction time.b. inhibits people’s emotions.c. leads to dehydration and overheating.d. stimulates brain cell development.
Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the experiences evoked by drugs.
Long-term use of Ecstasy cana. depress sympathetic nervous system activity.b. deplete the brain’s supply of epinephrine.c. deplete the brain’s supply of dopamine.d. damage serotonin-producing neurons.
Why might alcohol make a person more helpful or more aggressive?
The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates,a. and opiates.b. cocaine, and morphine.c. caffeine, nicotine, and marijuana.d. and amphetamines.
After continued use of a psychoactive drug, the drug user needs to take larger doses to get the desired effect. This is referred to as .
The learning perspective proposes that phobias area. the result of individual genetic makeup.b. a way of repressing unacceptable impulses.c. conditioned fears.d. a symptom of having been abused as a child.
Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having- disorder.
Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear and of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a .
A feeling of intense dread that can be accompanied by chest pains, choking sensations, or other frightening sensations is calleda. an obsession.b. a compulsion.c. a panic attack.d. a specific phobia.
Most psychologists and psychiatrists use to classify psychological disorders.a. DSM descriptions and codesb. in-depth client historiesc. input from clients’ family and friendsd. the theories of Pinel, Rosenhan, and others
Many psychologists reject the disorder-as-illness view and instead argue that other factors may also be involved — for example, the person’s level of stress and ways of coping with it. This view represents the approach.a. medicalb. epigeneticsc. biopsychosociald. diagnostic
A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses, and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist’s belief reflects the model.
Anna is embarrassed that it takes her several minutes to parallel park her car. She usually gets out of the car once or twice to inspect her distance, both from the curb and from the nearby cars. Should she worry about having a psychological disorder?
Two major disorders that are found worldwide are schizophrenia and.
Individualist cultures tend to value ; collectivist cultures tend to value.a. interdependence; independenceb. independence; interdependencec. solidarity; uniquenessd. duty; fulfillment
A fortune cookie advises, “Love yourself and happiness will follow.” Is this good advice?
Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?a. Life problems cause low self-esteem.b. The answer isn’t clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect.c. Low self-esteem leads to life
The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and mistakes is called the .
Critics say that - personality theory is very sensitive to an individual’s interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person’s enduring traits.
The social-cognitive perspective proposes that our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as internal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact.An example of an environmental factor isa. the presence of books in a home.b. a preference for outdoor play.c. the
Our scores on personality tests best predicta. our behavior on a specific occasion.b. our average behavior across many situations.c. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness.d. behavior that depends on the situation or context.
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?a. Conscientiousnessb. Anxietyc. Extraversiond. Agreeableness
The most widely used personality inventory is thea. Extraversion–Introversion Scale.b. Person–Situation Inventory.c. MMPI.d. Rorschach.
theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called.
How might Freud and Rogers differ in their explanations of how environment influences the development of a criminal?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas ona. Freudian theory.b. his experiences with patients.c. a series of laboratory experiments.d. his study
Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking eventsb. Schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretationsc. Stereotypes that affect our information processingd. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of
tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous image by describing it or telling a story about it.
Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud abouta. the existence of unconscious mental processes.b. the Oedipus complex.c. the predictive value of Freudian theory.d. the superego’s role as the executive part of personality.
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud’s views but placed more emphasis than he did ona. development throughout the life span.b. the collective unconscious.c. the role of the id.d. social interactions.
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called .
Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our .
According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead toa. dormant sexual feelings.b. fixation at that stage.c. unconscious blocking of impulses.d.
Freud proposed that the development of the “voice of our moral compass” is related to the, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
According to Freud’s view of personality structure, the “executive” system, the, seeks to gratify the impulses of the in more acceptable ways.a. id; egob. ego; superegoc. ego; idd. id; superego
One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called goals.
Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them.This exemplifies the concept of - perceptions.
Due to the bystander effect, a particular bystander is less likely to give aid ifa. the victim is similar to the bystander in appearance.b. no one else is present.c. other people are present.d. the incident occurs in a deserted or rural area.
After vigorous exercise you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plusa. a reward.b. proximity.c.
A happy couple celebrating their fiftieth wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep love, even though their love has probably decreased over the years.
The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the effect.
Heterosexual pornography most directly influences men’s aggression toward women when the following is true:a. Viewing time is lengthy.b. Eroticism is portrayed.c. Sexual violence is portrayed.d. The actors are attractive.
Social scientists studying the effects of pornography have mostly agreed that violent pornographya. has little effect on most viewers.b. is the primary cause of reported and unreported rapes.c. leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations.d. has no effect, other than
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use physical force to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can bea. learned through direct rewards.b. triggered by exposure to violent media.c. learned through observation of aggressive models.d. caused by hormone changes at
When those who feel frustrated become angry and aggressive, this is referred to as the- .
Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding thata. aggressive behavior varies widely from culture to culture.b. animals can be bred for aggressiveness.c. stimulation of an area of the brain’s limbic system produces aggressive behavior.d. a higher-than-average level of the
The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are(more/less) homogeneous than our own group.
If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. In other words, wea. blame the victim.b. overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases.c. view the world as just.d. rationalize inequality.
Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as .
Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as .
In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses selfconsciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called .
Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his performance vary by task?
In Milgram’s experiments, the rate of obedience was highest whena. the “learner” was at a distance from the “teacher.”b. the “learner” was close at hand.c. other “teachers” refused to go along with the experimenter.d. the “teacher” disliked the “learner.”
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group ifa. the group members have diverse opinions.b. the person feels competent and secure.c. the person admires the group’s status.d. no one else will observe the person’s behavior.
Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through(central/peripheral) route persuasion.
Jamala’s therapist has suggested that Jamala should “act as if” she is confident, even though she feels insecure and shy. Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion, and what might the therapist be hoping to achieve?
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the - - -phenomenon.
A study indicated that most teen boys and girls believe the women they see in online porn are experiencing real sexual pleasure (Jones, 2018). But the situation — being in front of the camera — suggests the women are acting their role. Social psychologists might explain the teens’
A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the principle.
After moving to a new apartment, you find the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates thea. relative deprivation principle.b. adaptation-level phenomenon.c. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.d. importance of mindfulness meditation.
One of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are alsoa. more likely to express anger.b. generally luckier than others.c. concentrated in the wealthier nations.d. more likely to help others.
Research on the faith factor has found thata. pessimists tend to be healthier than optimists.b. our expectations influence our feelings of stress.c. religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active.d. religious engagement promotes social isolation and repression.
Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as serotonin, exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea thata. social ties can be a source of stress.b. gender influences longevity.c. Type A behavior is responsible for many premature deaths.d. social support has a beneficial effect on
When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an (internal/external) locus of control.
Research has shown that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has hada. the opportunity to escape.b. no control over the shocks.c. pain or discomfort.d. no food or water prior to the shocks.
When faced with a situation over which you feel you have little control, you are more likely to turn to (emotion/problem)-focused coping.
A Chinese proverb warns, “The fire you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him.” How is this true of Type A individuals?
Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or grief. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out thata. accumulated stress causes cancer.b. anger is the negative emotion most closely linked to cancer.c.
Stress can suppress the by prompting a decrease in the release of lymphocytes, the cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign substances.
When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to exhibit the -and- response.
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by, then .
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors?a. Catastrophesb. Significant life changesc. Daily hasslesd. Pessimism
The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest thata. daily hassles have adverse health consequences.b. experiencing a very stressful event increases a person’s vulnerability to
Aiden has a bad cold and finds himself shuffling to class with his head down. How might his posture (as well as his cold) affect his emotional well-being?
When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling some fear.This response is known as the effect.
What does a polygraph measure, and why are its results questionable?
Zajonc and LeDoux have maintained that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to consciously label or interpret them. Lazarus noted the importance of how we appraise events. These psychologists differ in the emphasis they place on in emotional responses.a. physical arousalb.
Assume that after returning from an hour-long run, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship application has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal willa. weaken your happiness.b. intensify your happiness.c. transform your happiness into
The - theory of emotion maintains that our emotional experience occurs after our awareness of a physiological response.
If we want to increase our chance of success in achieving a new goal, such as stopping smoking, we (should/should not) announce the goal publicly, and we(should/should not) share with others our progress toward achieving that goal.
What are some ways to manage our social networking time successfully?
Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?a. Students who rated themselves as “very happy” also tended to have satisfying close relationships.b. Social exclusion — such as exile or solitary confinement — is considered a
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