Exploring Psychology 9th Edition David G. Myers - Solutions

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Here are some recently reported correlations, with interpretations drawn by journalists.Knowing just these correlations, can you come up with other possible explanations for each of these?a. Alcohol use is associated with violence. (One interpretation: Drinking triggers, or unleashes, aggressive
Knowing that two events are correlated providesa. a basis for prediction.b. an explanation of why the events are related.c. proof that as one increases, the other also increases.d. an indication that an underlying third factor is at work.
A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a(positive/negative) correlation.
For your survey, you need to establish a group of people who represent the country’s entire adult population. To do this, you will need to question a sample of the population.
Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to observe and describe behavior?a. A case studyb. Naturalistic observationc. Correlational researchd. A phone survey
A theory-based prediction is called a(n) .
refers to our tendency to perceive events as predictable and obvious after the fact.
Martin Seligman and other researchers who explore various aspects of human flourishing refer to their field of study as .
A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a.
A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely to be a(n)a. research psychologist.b. psychiatrist.c. industrial-organizational psychologist.d. clinical psychologist.
is the principle that our mind processes information on two tracks at the same time — one with our full awareness and the other outside of our awareness.
Which of the following is true regarding gender differences and similarities?a. Differences between the genders outweigh any similarities.b. Despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same.c. Both similarities and differences between the genders depend more
“Nurture works on what nature provides.” Describe what this means, using your own words.
Nature is to nurture asa. personality is to intelligence.b. biology is to experience.c. intelligence is to biology.d. psychological traits are to behaviors.
In the early twentieth century, redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior.”a. John B. Watsonb. Abraham Maslowc. William Jamesd. Sigmund Freud
William James would be considered a(n) . Wilhelm Wundt would be considered a(n) .a. functionalist; structuralistb. structuralist; functionalistc. evolutionary theorist; structuralistd. functionalist; evolutionary theorist
In 1879, in psychology’s first experiment, and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key.
As scientists, psychologistsa. keep their methods private so others will not repeat their research.b. assume the truth of articles published in leading scientific journals.c. reject evidence that competes with traditional findings.d. are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be
How can critical thinking help you evaluate claims in the media, even if you’re not a scientific expert on the issue?
Describe cues that prompt you to exercise and some of the ways your exercise is reinforced.
A sedentary friend wants to “get in shape” and started walking after work two weeks ago.He missed walking for the past three days and asked for your help to restart his program and keep it going. What exercise stage is he in? How could relapse prevention theory help?
What are the three general categories of physical activity correlates? Give examples of moderators or mediators in each category. Discuss why it is important to consider how different correlates might interact.
Describe the major components of transtheoretical model and their weaknesses for understanding maintenance of physical activity change. Why is it important to consider stage-specific interventions?
List and discuss three behavioral strategies that can be used to influence exercise participation.Give applied examples of each.
List the three major research areas in exercise psychology, and discuss public health implications of each.
What features of social and physical environments seem most influential on physical activity?
What is executive control function and what evidence suggests that regular exercise affects it?
List and discuss three plausible explanations or mechanisms for changes in mental health with exercise training.
What is meant when we talk about the dose response for decreases in depression or anxiety after exercise?
Provide the primary areas that sport psychologists must address in working with a retiring athlete and describe some of the techniques that could be used.
Discuss the difficulties that retiring athletes most often experience and what types of athletes are most likely to have these difficulties.
Describe the three primary resources available to athletes to help them during the career transition process and give examples of how they influence retiring athletes.
Indicate the role that early development has on athletes’ reactions to career transition and give an example of an ideal upbringing for healthy transition.
Discuss the interpersonal factors that affect athletes’ reactions to career transition and how they are related to the athletes’ adaptation.
Discuss the most prevalent factors to adaptation to career transition.
Briefly describe the causes of career termination and indicate how each factor would affect athletes’ adaptation to career transition.
Briefly describe theoretical perspectives in athletes’ career transition research area.
Describe what other psychological strategies might be used to hasten rehabilitation and to prepare for returning to competition.
Explain the differences among mastery imagery, emotive imagery, and healing imagery.
Diagram the cognitive appraisal model of psychological adjustment to athletic injury and discuss the different components.
List five problematic results of an athlete returning to competition following an injury if not psychologically prepared.
How and why might personal growth possibilities become an important part of the psychological rehabilitation of the injured athlete?
List five responses that may occur as a result of anxiety and tension associated with an injury on an athlete’s initial return to competition.
What are key factors that may predispose some athletes to injury? How can the athlete and the sport or team environment be modified to reduce risk factors and enhance buffering factors?
Your initial intervention program for an adolescent track athlete experiencing burnout does not seem to be working well. You originally suggested a brief (2-week) break from training and competition. However, after returning from this break he is still feeling “burnedout”.What will you
A coach you are working with believes that burnout is a sign of weakness in an athlete.How would you respond to this coach? What information could you provide her?
What four steps should sport psychology practitioners consider when designing and implementing burnout prevention or treatment interventions?
What is individual–organization fit? How can lack of congruence between the athlete and the team promote burnout and prevent engagement in sport?
How does a sport entrapment perspective describe the development of burnout in athletes?Why don’t “burned-out” athletes just leave sport altogether?
What three psychological needs are showcased in self-determination theory? Describe an example athlete burnout intervention strategy tied to each of these three needs.
How does a psychosocial sport stress perspective differ from an overtraining perspective on the causes of burnout?
What key burnout antecedents are highlighted by an overtraining perspective? Can an athlete experience burnout without being overtrained? Why or why not?
A coach mentions that burnout does not seem to be a very important issue in sport given its potentially low prevalence. How would you respond?
How is burnout distinct from depression and sport dropout?
How is athlete burnout defined? What are its three dimensions?
What strategies can parents of athletes use to reduce the chance their child athlete will use anabolic steroids and other banned substances?
Should sports administrators and coaches institute drug-taking policies? Why not simply allow athletes to take any substance they wish, if they thought it would help their performance?
Discuss the three main components of an effective drug-testing program and how to help ensure an effective testing program.
If you were the team’s head coach, describe the cognitive and behavioral strategies you would use with your team to prevent and respond to the use of anabolic steroids.
Distinguish between cognitive approaches and behavioral strategies in controlling drug abuse in athletes. Provide examples of both types of interventions.
Discuss the physical, psychological and emotional, and social causes of drug abuse in sport.
Using both anecdotal reports and evidence from scientific studies, give some indication of the extensiveness of drug abuse in sport.
Develop a rationale for an antidrug policy in sport. Consider if the policy should be different for high school versus professional sport versus other competitive levels.
Identify the different health concerns for different forms of doping.
Give examples of drugs that athletes may use to enhance their performance and why athletes might take each drug.
What is doping and why does it occur?
What might you do if an athlete currently does not want to take your referral advice?
How might a coach or sport psychologist find professionals to whom to refer athletes for counseling or psychotherapy?
What factors related to sport can cause or exacerbate relationship problems for athletes?
What are some signs that aggressiveness in an athlete has become problematic? Is it likely that an athlete who has been driven by anger will become less successful if underlying conflicts are resolved?
What can sport psychologists do to prepare themselves for making referrals?
How might a concern with food or weight gain reflect a serious eating disorder problem?
How does homophobia in society and in the sport world contribute to problems for athletes that may manifest in mental and behavioral disorders?
What are some reasons why the hammer thrower presented at the beginning of this chapter may not meet with a mental health practitioner?
What are three patterns someone might note as indicating other serious problems when working with an athlete on performance enhancement?
From the dialogue in the chapter, what are some important issues to be sensitive to when making a referral?
Identify the steps or levels on the cultural competence continuum. Give two specific things a sport psychology professional could do to move up to a higher level of cultural competence. Describe how sport psychology professionals might promote organizational change and social justice in sport.
Define cultural competence and identify the three general areas of multicultural competencies.
Describe the research on stereotypes and biases related to obesity, and explain how such bias might affect participants and professionals in physical activity programs.
Define stereotype threat and explain how stereotype threat might operate in sport.
Define the terms sexual prejudice, heterosexism, and homophobia, and explain how sexual prejudice might affect sport participants.
Explain the terms invisible whiteness and white privilege. Give two specific examples to demonstrate white privilege in sport.
Describe the impact of Title IX on girls’ and women’s participation in athletics and in coaching and administration positions.
Identify and briefly explain the three themes in the multicultural framework for this chapter.
Describe the procedures that can be utilized to increase coaches’ self-awareness and their compliance with coaching guidelines.
With respect to changing coaches’ attitudes during a training program, explain how the following aspects of the persuasion process might be taken into account: (a) credibility(expertise and trustworthiness) of the trainer, (b) perceived similarity between the trainer and the coaches, (c)
Discuss the key points associated with the following recommendations for making effective presentations: (a) prepare, prepare, prepare; (b) find your style; (c) spice it up;(d) cover less, not more; and (e) make improvements.
What are the advantages of conducting coach-training programs with an interactive format, and how might this be accomplished?
In conducting a MAC workshop, what is the rationale/justification for presenting empirical results to coaches?
Describe the components of the healthy philosophy of winning that is taught in MAC, and indicate how this orientation is designed to combat competitive anxiety.
In implementing sport psychology workshops for coaches, the trainer should create a positive learning environment. What are some ways to foster a receptive and cooperative attitude on the part of coaches? What approaches should be avoided?
For the field experiment that was conducted to assess the efficacy of MAC, what were the results with respect to (a) differences between the motivational climates created by trained and untrained coaches, (b) differences in sport attrition for athletes who played for trained versus untrained
Briefly describe the (a) major behavioral guidelines (i.e., coaching do’s and don’ts ), and(b) mastery-oriented philosophy of winning that are emphasized in the MAC program.
With respect to achievement goal theory, what are the distinctions between (a) mastery and ego goal orientations, and (b) mastery and ego motivational climates?
Describe the research design and methodology incorporated in the studies that tested the efficacy of CET. What were the results with respect to (a) behavioral differences between trained and untrained coaches, (b) win-loss records, (c) players’ evaluative reactions to trained and untrained
Following development of the CBAS, field studies were conducted to establish relations between coaching behaviors and children’s evaluative reactions. Describe the basic research procedures, and discuss the major findings with respect to (a) the role of winning relative to athletes’
What are the two major classes of behaviors included in the CBAS, and what is the difference between them?
Describe the three basic elements of the mediational model of coach–athlete interactions that served to guide the coaching-behavior research.
Explain why evidence-based coach-training programs are superior to interventions that are primarily founded on experiential knowledge.
Discuss five practical pointers that may help make a psychological skills program more effective. Cite specific practical examples and research to support your points.

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