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positive psychology
Psychology In Everyday Life 5th Edition David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall - Solutions
Sanjay eats a diet high in processed foods, fat, and sugar. He knows he may gain weight, but he figures it’s no big deal because he can simply lose it in the future. How would you evaluate Sanjay’s plan?
Obese people often struggle to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact thata. it takes more energy to maintain weight than it did to gain it.b. the set point of obese people is lower than average.c. with dieting, metabolism increases.d. there is a genetic
The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the rate.
Blood sugar provides the body with energy. When it is (low/high), we feel hungry.
Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?a. An aversion to eating cats and dogsb. An interest in novel foodsc. A preference for sweet and salty foodsd. An aversion to carbohydrates
According to the concept of point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level.
Journalist Dorothy Dix once remarked, “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.”Which motivation theory best supports her statement?
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are needs.a. safetyb. self-esteemc. belongingnessd. self-transcendence
With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal isa. very high.b. moderate.c. very low.d. absent.
theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
Danielle walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells cookies baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking cookies is a(n) (incentive/drive).
An example of a physiological need is . An example of a psychological drive is .a. hunger; a “push” to find foodb. a “push” to find food; hungerc. curiosity; a “push” to reduce arousald. a “push” to reduce arousal; curiosity
can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining testtakers’belief that they can do well on the test.
Use the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence to explain why writers tend to produce their most creative work later in life, while scientists often hit their peak much earlier.
Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for the fact that more intelligent people tend to live longer, healthier lives?a. Intelligence makes it easier to access more education, better jobs, and a healthier environment.b. Intelligence encourages a more health-promoting lifestyle.c.
The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development isa. exposing normal infants to enrichment programs before age 1.b. growing up in an economically disadvantaged home.c. being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation.d. being an identical twin.
The strongest support for heredity’s influence on intelligence is the finding thata. identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores.b. the correlation between intelligence test scores of fraternal twins is not higher than that for other siblings.c.
To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent ofa. an individual’s intelligence is due to genetic factors.b. the similarities between two groups of people are attributable to genes.c. the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable
The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results, for example on retesting. In other words, these tests have high .
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is best able to tell usa. what part of an individual’s intelligence is determined by genetic inheritance.b. whether the test-taker will succeed in a job.c. how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning.d. whether
The IQ of a 6-year-old with a measured mental age of 9 would bea. 67.b. 133.c. 86.d. 150.
Emotionally intelligent people tend toa. seek immediate gratification.b. understand their own emotions but not those of others.c. understand others’ emotions but not their own.d. succeed in their careers.
Sternberg’s three types of intelligence are , , and.
The existence of savant syndrome seems to supporta. Sternberg’s distinction among three types of intelligence.b. criticism of multiple intelligence theories.c. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.d. Thorndike’s view of social intelligence.
Charles Spearman suggested we have one underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.
Most researchers agree that apes cana. communicate through symbols.b. reproduce most human speech sounds.c. master language in adulthood.d. surpass a human 3-year-old in language skills.
When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as .
Children reach the one-word stage of speech development at abouta. 4 months.b. 6 months.c. 1 year.d. 2 years.
According to Chomsky, humans have a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules; he called this trait .
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?a. Expertiseb. Extrinsic motivationc. A venturesome personalityd. Imaginative thinking skills
When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as “75 percent lean”than to the same product labeled “25 percent fat,” they have been influenced by.
Terrorist attacks made Americans more fearful of being victimized by terrorism than of other, greater threats. Such exaggerated fear after dramatic events illustrates the heuristic.
A major obstacle to problem solving is functional fixedness, which is a(n)a. tendency to base our judgments on vivid memories.b. tendency to wait for insight to occur.c. inability to view a problem from a new perspective.d. rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of an event in terms of our mental
Oscar describes his political beliefs as “strongly liberal,” but he is interested in exploring opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confirmation bias and belief perseverance?
The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n) .
A mental grouping of similar things is called a .
Memory researchers involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with some therapists about which of the following statements?a. Memories of events that happened before age 4 are not reliable.b. We tend to repress extremely upsetting memories.c. Memories can be emotionally
Children can be accurate eyewitnesses ifa. interviewers give the children hints about what really happened.b. a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event.c. the children have a chance to talk with involved adults before the interview.d. interviewers use precise technical and
When a situation triggers the feeling that “I’ve been here before,” you are experiencing.
We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of .
Eliza’s family loves to tell the story of how she “stole the show” as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt’s wedding reception. Even though she was so young, Eliza says she can recall the event clearly. How might Eliza have formed this memory?
One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example ofa. proactive interference.b. the misinformation effect.c. retroactive interference.d. the forgetting curve.
Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called .
You will experience less (proactive/retroactive) interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will if you learn it before turning to another subject.
Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends toa. increase slightly.b. decrease noticeably.c. decrease greatly.d. level off.
When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred froma. the environment into sensory memory.b. sensory memory into long-term memory.c. long-term memory into short-term memory.d. short-term memory into long-term memory.
When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recalla. the first items on the list.b. the first and last items on the list.c. a few items at random.d.
When you feel sad, why might it help to look at pictures that reawaken some of your best memories?
Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of .
A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your .
Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers toa. emotion-triggered hormonal changes.b. the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit memories.c. an increase in a cell’s firing potential.d. aging people’s potential for learning.
Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an(explicit/implicit) memory.
The hippocampus seems to function as aa. temporary processing site for explicit memories.b. temporary processing site for implicit memories.c. permanent storage area for emotion-based memories.d. permanent storage area for iconic and echoic memories.
Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices are called.
Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about bits of information.
Sensory memory may be visual ( memory) or auditory (memory).
The concept of working memorya. clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.b. splits short-term memory into two substages — sensory memory and iconic memory.c. splits short-term memory into two types — implicit and explicit memory.d.
The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are , , and .
Most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violencea. makes all viewers significantly more aggressive.b. has little effect on viewers.c. is a risk factor for viewers’ increased aggression.d. makes viewers angry and frustrated.
Some scientists believe that the brain has neurons that enable observation and imitation.
Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them ifa. their words and actions are consistent.b. they have outgoing personalities.c. one parent works and the other stays home to care for the children.d. they carefully explain why a behavior is acceptable in adults but not in
According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience reinforcement or punishment.
Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called .
Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated .
Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop a of the maze.
Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. This finding supportsa. Pavlov’s demonstration of generalization.b. Darwin’s principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival.c. Watson’s belief that
Which research showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus(US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS)?a. The Little Albert experimentb. Pavlov’s experiments with dogsc. Watson’s behaviorism studiesd. Garcia and Koelling’s taste-aversion studies
An old saying notes that “a burnt child dreads the fire.” In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of aa. primary reinforcer.b. negative reinforcer.c. punisher.d. positive reinforcer.
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a - schedule.
A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, you will get a free appetizer. This is an example of a - schedule of reinforcement.a. fixed-ratiob. variable-ratioc. fixed-intervald. variable-interval
Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called reinforcement.
How could your psychology instructor use negative reinforcement to encourage you to pay attention during class?
Your dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, “I’ll have to do that when he barks again.” The end of the barking was for you aa. positive reinforcer.b. negative reinforcer.c.
One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called .
Thorndike’s law of effect was the basis for ’s work on operant conditioning and behavior control.
“Sex sells!” is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a furry coat. This illustratesa. extinction.b. generalization.c. spontaneous recovery.d. discrimination between two stimuli.
Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of .
In Pavlov’s experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n)stimulus.
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which we associate, and operant conditioning, in which we associate .a. two or more responses; a response and its consequenceb. two or more stimuli; two or more responsesc. two or more stimuli; a response and its consequenced. two or
Learning is defined as “the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring or .”
Which of the following types of ESP claims is supported by solid, replicable scientific evidence?a. Telepathyb. Clairvoyancec. Precognitiond. None of these claims
A food’s aroma can greatly enhance its taste. This is an example ofa. sensory adaptation.b. synesthesia.c. kinesthesia.d. sensory interaction.
Why do you feel a little dizzy immediately after a roller-coaster ride?
is your sense of body position and movement. Your specifically monitors your head’s movement, with sensors in the inner ear.
We have specialized nerve receptors for detecting which five tastes? How did this ability aid our ancestors?
How does the biopsychosocial approach explain our experience of pain? Provide examples.
The gate-control theory of pain proposes thata. special pain receptors send signals directly to the brain.b. the pain gate is controlled by the thalamus.c. small spinal cord nerve fibers conduct most pain signals, but large-fiber activity can close access to those pain signals.d. pain can often be
The sensory receptors that are found mostly in the skin and that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called .
What are the basic steps in transforming sound waves into perceived sound?
The snail-shaped tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into neural activity, is called the .
In experiments, people have worn glasses that turned their visual fields upside down. After a period of adjustment, they learned to function quite well. This ability is called.
After surgery to restore vision, adults who had been blind from birth had difficultya. recognizing objects by touch.b. recognizing objects by sight.c. distinguishing figure from ground.d. distinguishing between bright and dim light.
Perceiving a tomato as consistently red, despite lighting shifts, is an example ofa. shape constancy.b. perceptual constancy.c. a binocular cue.d. continuity.
Two examples of depth cues are interposition and linear perspective.
Depth perception underlies our ability toa. group similar items in a gestalt.b. perceive objects as having a constant shape or form.c. judge distances.d. fill in the gaps in a figure.
The visual cliff experiments suggest thata. infants have not yet developed depth perception.b. crawling human infants and very young animals perceive depth.c. we have no way of knowing whether infants can perceive depth.d. unlike other species, humans are able to perceive depth in infancy.
Our tendencies to fill in the gaps and to perceive a pattern as continuous are two different examples of the organizing principle calleda. interposition.b. depth perception.c. shape constancy.d. grouping.
In listening to a concert, you attend to the solo instrument and perceive the orchestra as accompaniment. This illustrates the organizing principle ofa. figure-ground.b. shape constancy.c. grouping.d. depth perception.
The brain’s ability to process many aspects of an object or a problem simultaneously is called .
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