Paul Mazerolle, Alex Piquero, and Robert Brame (2010) examined whether violent onset offenders have distinct career dimensions from offenders whose initial offending involves nonviolence. In this table, the researchers investigate the relationship between gender, race, and age, and nonviolent versus violent onset using chi-square analysis. Their data are based on 1,503 juvenile offenders in Queensland, Australia. The independent variables are reported in rows.

The chi-square models for gender and age at first offense are significant at the .01 level. Interpret the relationship between gender and age at first offense with a nonviolent or violent initial offense.

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Violent Offense Onset by Gender, Race, and Age Nonviolent Onset N (%) Violent Onset N (%) Total N (%) Gender Male 1,146 (88.29) 152 (11.71) 1,298 (100) Female 156 (81.68) 35 (18.32) 191 (100) Total 1,302 187 1,489 x= 6.331** Indigenous status Nonindigenous 815 (87.17) 120 (12.83) 935 (100) Indigenous 477 (88.17) 64 (11.83) 541 (100) x= 0.317 Age at first offense Less than 14 years 579 (90.33) 62 (9.67) 641 (100) 14 years and older 723 (85.26) 125 (14.74) 848 (100) x = 8.539** %3D