We provided a definitional and conceptual framework for strategies for enhancing employee morale and motivation.

The major approaches include job design, job rotation, multitasking, job enrichment, participative management, and other opportunities for employees to be more involved. The job characteristics model has been used to guide job-redesign efforts.

The advantages of participative management are that decisions tend to be of higher quality and employees are more willing to accept decisions. Employee participation programs are widely used and varied in application. Delegation strategies, suggestion programs, quality circles, and self-directed work teams are approaches that emphasize employee involvement. Getting people at all levels of the organization involved in objective setting and problem solving, rearranging duties and responsibilities, and creating ways to reward people for their accomplishments represent the essence of the approaches to motivating employees to perform. The supervisor must learn to implement different supervisory approaches that are appropriate for different people and settings. P-687