Tung and Deng (2007) studied how emoticons (computerized facial expressions) and sex influenced intrinsic motivation to complete a computer task. Emoticons were used as feedback for responses during the task. These faces were either static (presented still for the duration of feedback) or dynamic (presented as a neutral face and changed to the expression corresponding to the feedback). The researchers conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects ANOVA, with emoticon style (static, dynamic) and sex as the factors. The F table gives the data reported in the study.

(a) Is a significant main effect or interaction evident in this study and, if so, for which factor? 

(b) Are post hoc tests required? Explain.

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Source of Variation Emoticon Style Sex Emoticon Style x Sex Error Total 13.65 1 13.65 8.93 1.52 1 1.52 0.99 3.84 3.84 2.51 258.57 169 1.53 27758 172