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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

Questions and Answers of The Science And Engineering Of Materials

When 6 M ammonia is added gradually to aqueous copper(II) nitrate, a white precipitate forms. The precipitate dissolves as more 6 M ammonia is added. Write balanced equations to explain these
When an aqueous solution of KCN is added to a solution containing Ni2+ ions, a precipitate forms, which redissolves on addition of more KCN solution. Write reactions describing what happens in this
Consider aqueous solutions of the following coordination compounds: [Cr(NH3)3Cl3], [Cr(NH3)6]Cl3, Na3[CrCl6]. If silver nitrate is added to each solution, in which will a precipitate form? Explain.
A coordination compound of cobalt(III) contains four ammonia molecules, one sulfate ion, and one chloride ion. Addition of aqueous BaCl2 solution to an aqueous solution of the compound gives no
Draw all geometrical and linkage isomers of square planar Pt(NH3)2(SCN)2.
What roles do kinetics and thermodynamics play in the effect that the following reaction has on the properties of steel? 3Fe + C Fe3C
The CrF64- ion is known to have four unpaired electrons. Does the F- ligand produce a strong or weak field?
Silver is sometimes found in nature as large nuggets; more often it is found mixed with other metals and their ores. Cyanide ion is often used to extract the silver by the following reaction that
The complex ion NiCl42- has two unpaired electrons, whereas Ni(CN)42- is diamagnetic. Propose structures for these two complex ions.
How many unpaired electrons are present in the tetrahedral ion FeCl4-?
The following statements discuss some coordination compounds. For each coordination compound, give the complex ion and the counterions, the electron configuration of the transition metal, and the
For the process what would be the expected ratio of cis to trans isomers in the product? Co(NH3),C1²+ (aq) + Cl¯(aq) Co(NH3)4Cl₂+ (aq) + NH3(aq)
Name the following coordination compounds.a. Na4[Ni(C2O4)3]b. K2[CoCl4]c. [Cu(NH3)4]SO4d. [Co(en)2(SCN)Cl]Cl
In which of the following is(are) the electron configuration(s) correct for the species indicated? a. Cu [Ar]4s2 3d9b. Fe3+ [Ar]3d5c. Co [Ar]4s2 3d7d. La [Ar]6s2 4f1e. Pt2+ [Xe]4f145d8
The following table indicates the number of unpaired electrons in the crystal field diagrams for some complexes. Complete the table by classifying each species as weak field, strong field, or
Which of the following ions is(are) expected to form colored octahedral aqueous complex ions? a. Zn2+b. Cu2+c. Mn3+d. Ti4+
Will 0.10 mol of AgBr completely dissolve in 1.0 L of 3.0 M NH3? The Ksp value for AgBr(s) is 5.0 × 10-13, and the overall formation constant for the complex ion Ag(NH3)2+ is 1.7 × 107 , that is,
Ammonia and potassium iodide solutions are added to an aqueous solution of Cr(NO3)3. A solid is isolated (compound A), and the following data are collected:i. When 0.105 g of compound A was strongly
There are three salts that contain complex ions of chromium and have the molecular formula CrCl3 ? 6H2O. Treating 0.27 g of the first salt with a strong dehydrating agent resulted in a mass loss of
Define fission and fusion. How does the energy associated with fission or fusion processes compare to the energy changes associated with chemical reactions? Fusion processes are more likely to occur
Three electrochemical cells were connected in series so that the same quantity of electrical current passes through all three cells. In the first cell, 1.15 g chromium metal was deposited from a
Gas A2 reacts with gas B2 to form gas AB at a constant temperature. The bond energy of AB is much greater than that of either reactant. What can be said about the sign of ΔH? ΔSsurr? ΔS? Explain
Calculate ΔGο and K at 25οC for the reactions in Exercises 38 and 42.Data in Exercises 38:Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following overall reactions. Show the direction of electron flow,
What characterizes an electrolytic cell? What is an ampere? When the current applied to an electrolytic cell is multiplied by the time in seconds, what quantity is determined? How is this quantity
What type of radioactive decay must occur for each of the following nuclear processes? a. Process 1b. Process 2c. Process 3 Mass number 214 210 206 202 198 3 O 79 80 81 82 83 84 Atomic number
All radioactive decay processes follow first-order kinetics. What does this mean? What happens to the rate of radioactive decay as the number of nuclides is halved? Write the first-order rate law and
Do radiotracers generally have long or short half-lives? Explain.
What is a nuclear transformation? How do you balance nuclear transformation reactions? Particle accelerators are used to perform nuclear transformations. What is a particle accelerator?
What are transuranium elements and how are they synthesized?
The fission of uranium-235 is used exclusively in nuclear power plants located in the United States. There are many different fission reactions of uranium-235, but all the fission reactions are
Why are the observed energy changes for nuclear processes so much larger than the energy changes for chemical and physical processes?
Describe the relative penetrating powers of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
Explain the difference between somatic damage from radiation and genetic damage. Which type causes immediate damage to the exposed individual?
A recent study concluded that any amount of radiation exposure can cause biological damage. Explain the differences between the two models of radiation damage, the linear model and the threshold
Thorium-232 is known to undergo a progressive decay series until it reaches stability at lead-208. For each step of the series indicated in the table below, which nuclear particle is emitted?
The radioactive isotope 242Cm decays by a series of α-particle and β-particle productions, taking 242Cm through many transformations to end up as 206Pb. In the complete decay series, how
The stable isotopes of boron are boron-10 and boron-11. Four radioactive isotopes with mass numbers 8, 9, 12, and 13 are also known. Predict possible modes of radioactive decay for the four
What is the rate of decay from 1.00 mol of radioactive nuclides having the following half-lives: 12,000 years? 12 hours? 12 seconds?
Many transuranium elements, such as plutonium-232, have very short half-lives. (For 232Pu, the half-life is 36 minutes.) However, some, like protactinium-231 (half-life = 3.34 × 104 years),
The bromine-82 nucleus has a half-life of 1.0 × 103 min. If you wanted 1.0 g 82Br and the delivery time was 3.0 days, what mass of NaBr should you order (assuming all of the Br in the NaBr was 82Br)?
Assume a constant 14C/12C ratio of 13.6 counts per minute per gram of living matter. A sample of a petrified tree was found to give 1.2 counts per minute per gram. How old is the tree? (For 14C,
The binding energy for lithium-6 is 3.086 × 1012 J/mol. Calculate the atomic mass of 6Li.
Each of the following isotopes has been used medically for the purpose indicated. Suggest reasons why the particular element might have been chosen for this purpose.a. Cobalt-57, for study of the
Photosynthesis in plants can be represented by the following overall equation: Algae grown in water containing some 18O (in H2 18O) evolve oxygen gas with the same isotopic composition as the
In the bismuth-214 natural decay series, Bi-214 initially undergoes β decay, the resulting daughter emits an α particle, and the succeeding daughters emit a β and a β particle in that order.
A proposed system for storing nuclear wastes involves storing the radioactive material in caves or deep mine shafts. One of the most toxic nuclides that must be disposed of is plutonium-239, which is
Strontium-90 and radon-222 both pose serious health risks. 90Sr decays by β-particle production and has a relatively long half-life (28.9 years). Radon-222 decays by a-particle production and has a
Complete the following table with the nuclear particle that is produced in each nuclear reaction. Initial Nuclide 23⁹ Pu 94 214Pb 82 60, 27 99- 43 Tc 93Np Product Nuclide 2351 92 214p 60
A certain radioactive nuclide has a half-life of 3.00 hours.a. Calculate the rate constant in s-1 for this nuclide.b. Calculate the decay rate in decays/s for 1.000 mole of this nuclide.
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true?a. A radioactive nuclide that decays from 2.00 × 1021 atoms to 5.0 × 1020 atoms in 16 minutes has a half-life of 8.0 minutes.b. Nuclides with large
A 0.10-cm3 sample of a solution containing a radioactive nuclide (5.0 × 103 counts per minute per milliliter) is injected into a rat. Several minutes later 1.0 cm3 of blood is removed. The blood
A reported synthesis of the transuranium element bohrium (Bh) involved the bombardment of berkelium-249 with neon22 to produce bohrium-267. Write a nuclear reaction for this synthesis. The half-life
Explain the following relationships: ΔG and w, cell potential and w, cell potential and ΔG, cell potential and Q. Using these relationships, explain how you could make a cell in which both
Explain why cell potentials are not multiplied by the coefficients in the balanced redox equation. (Use the relationship between ΔG and cell potential to do this.)
If the cell potential is proportional to work and the standard reduction potential for the hydrogen ion is zero, does this mean that the reduction of the hydrogen ion requires no work?
Is the following statement true or false? Concentration cells work because standard reduction potentials are dependent on concentration. Explain.
Assign oxidation numbers to all the atoms in each of the following: a. HNO3b. CuCl2c. O2d. H2O2e. C6H12O6f. Agg. PbSO4h. PbO2i. Na2C2O4j. CO2k. (NH4)2Ce(SO4)3l. Cr2O3
Consider the electrolysis of a molten salt of some metal. What information must you know to calculate the mass of metal plated out in the electrolytic cell?
Look up the reduction potential for Fe3+ to Fe2+. Look up the reduction potential for Fe2+ to Fe. Finally, look up the reduction potential for Fe3+ to Fe. You should notice that adding the reduction
The general rule for salt bridges is that anions flow to the anode and cations flow to the cathode. Explain why this is true.
What is wrong with the following statement: The best concentration cell will consist of the substance having the most positive standard reduction potential. What drives a concentration cell to
When jump-starting a car with a dead battery, the ground jumper should be attached to a remote part of the engine block. Why?
Which of the following statements concerning corrosion is(are) true? For the false statements, correct them. a. Corrosion is an example of an electrolytic process.b. Corrosion of steel involves
Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following overall reactions. Show the direction of electron flow, the direction of ion migration through the salt bridge, and identify the cathode and anode.
Calculate ΔGο and K at 25οC for the reactions in Exercises 37 and 41. Data in Exercise 37 Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following overall reactions. Show the direction of electron flow,
Consider a concentration cell that has both electrodes made of some metal M. Solution A in one compartment of the cell contains 1.0 M M2+. Solution B in the other cell compartment has a volume of
An electrochemical cell consists of a nickel metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ni2+] = 1.0 M separated by a porous disk from an aluminum metal electrode.a. What is the potential of this
An electrochemical cell consists of a silver metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ag+] = 1.0 M separated by a porous disk from a copper metal electrode. If the copper electrode is placed in a
Cadmium sulfide is used in some semiconductor applications. Calculate the value of the solubility product constant (Ksp) for CdS given the following standard reduction potentials: CdS (s) + 2e →→
The electrolysis of BiO+ produces pure bismuth. How long would it take to produce 10.0 g Bi by the electrolysis of a BiO+ solution using a current of 25.0 A?
Aluminum is produced commercially by the electrolysis of Al2O3 in the presence of a molten salt. If a plant has a continuous capacity of 1.00 million A, what mass of aluminum can be produced in 2.00
A factory wants to produce 1.00 × 103 kg barium from the electrolysis of molten barium chloride. What current must be applied for 4.00 h to accomplish this?
It took 2.30 min using a current of 2.00 A to plate out all the silver from 0.250 L of a solution containing Ag+. What was the original concentration of Ag+ in the solution?
A solution containing Pt4+ is electrolyzed with a current of 4.00 A. How long will it take to plate out 99% of the platinum in 0.50 L of a 0.010-M solution of Pt4+?
A solution at 25οC contains 1.0 M Cd2+, 1.0 M Ag+, 1.0 M Au3+, and 1.0 M Ni2+ in the cathode compartment of an electrolytic cell. Predict the order in which the metals will plate out as the voltage
A solution at 25°C contains 1.0 M Cu2+ and 1.0 × 10–4 M Ag+. Which metal will plate out first as the voltage is gradually increased when this solution is electrolyzed?
Copper can be plated onto a spoon by placing the spoon in an acidic solution of CuSO4(aq) and connecting it to a copper strip via a power source as illustrated below:a. Label the anode and cathode,
When aluminum foil is placed in hydrochloric acid, nothing happens for the first 30 seconds or so. This is followed by vigorous bubbling and the eventual disappearance of the foil. Explain these
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction of lead metal in a solution of silver nitrate at 25°C.
Electrolysis has many important industrial applications. What are some of these applications? The electrolysis of molten NaCl is the major process by which sodium metal is produced. However, the
You are told that metal A is a better reducing agent than metal B. What, if anything, can be said about A+ and B+? Explain.
Human DNA contains almost twice as much information as is needed to code for all the substances produced in the body. Likewise, the digital data sent from Voyager II contained one redundant bit out
ΔSsurr is sometimes called the energy disorder term. Explain.
List three different ways to calculate the standard free energy change, ΔGο, for a reaction at 25οC. How is ΔGο estimated at temperatures other than 25οC? What assumptions are made?
Consider the following relationships: Which of these relationships is(are) always true for a reaction at equilibrium? AG° = 1, AH = TAS, Q = 1, AG = AGº, K = 1
The ultimate electron acceptor in the respiration process is molecular oxygen. Electron transfer through the respiratory chain takes place through a complex series of oxidation– reduction
Hydrogen peroxide can function either as an oxidizing agent or as a reducing agent. At standard conditions, is H2O2 a better oxidizing agent or reducing agent? Explain.
It took 150. s for a current of 1.25 A to plate out 0.109 g of a metal from a solution containing its cations. Show that it is not possible for the cations to have a charge of 1+.
Sketch a cell that forms iron metal from iron(II) while changing chromium metal to chromium(III). Calculate the voltage, show the electron flow, label the anode and cathode, and balance the overall
Calculate ΔHo , ΔSo , and ΔGo at 25°C for each of the following reactions that occur in the atmosphere. a. C₂H4(g) + O2(g) → CH3CHO(g) + O₂(g) b. 03(g) + NO(g) → NO₂(g) + O₂(g) c.
Given the following data: calculate ΔGο for the reaction 2C¢Hl) + 15O,(g) C(s) + O(g) H»(g) + }O»(g) 12CO,(g) + 6H2O(l) → CO2(g) H2Ol) AG° = -6399 kJ = AG° = -394 kJ AG° = -237 kJ
For the sublimation of iodine at 25°Cthe values of ΔHo and ΔGo are, respectively, 62 kJ and 19 kJ. Estimate the temperature at which iodine sublimes. Assume ΔHo and ΔSo do not depend on
Consider the following reaction at 25.0οC:The values of ΔHο and ΔSο are -58.03 kJ/mol and -176.6 J/K ? mol, respectively. Calculate the value of K at 25.0οC. Assuming ΔHο and ΔSο are
A reaction has K = 1.9 × 10–14 at 25°C and K = 9.1 × 103 at 227°C. Predict the signs for ΔGo , ΔHo , and ΔSo for this reaction at 25°C. Assume ΔHo and ΔSo do not depend on temperature.
Given the thermodynamic data below, calculate ΔSο and ΔSsurr for the following reaction at 25οC and 1 atm: XeF (g) XeF4(s) + F₂(8)
For rubidium ΔHοvap = 69.0 kJ/mol at 686οC, its boiling point. Calculate ΔSο, q, w, and ΔE for the vaporization of 1.00 mole of rubidium at 686οC and 1.00 atm pressure.
The following reaction occurs in pure water: which is often abbreviated as For this reaction, ΔGο = 79.9 kJ/mol at 25οC. Calculate the value of ΔG for this reaction at 25οC when [OH-]
Some water is placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter. When 1.0 g of an ionic solid is added, the temperature of the solution increases from 21.5οC to 24.2οC as the solid dissolves. For the dissolving
Which of the following statements is(are) true? Explain.a. Oxidation and reduction cannot occur independently of each other.b. Oxidation and reduction accompany all chemical reactions.c. A substance
Galvanic cells harness spontaneous oxidation–reduction reactions to produce work by producing a current. They do so by controlling the flow of electrons from the species oxidized to the species

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