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statistics
elementary statistics in social research
Questions and Answers of
Elementary Statistics In Social Research
A survey of 919 college board members found that 89% think that their institution is a good place for members of racial and ethnic minorities.In Exercises 35–42, determine whether the number
In January 2021, 54% of the governors of the 50 states in the United States were Republicans.In Exercises 35–42, determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a sample statistic.
In a survey of automobile owners, 6% said they had to change their engine control module at least once.In Exercises 35–42, determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a sample
Voter registration records show that 47% of all voters in a county are registered as Democrats.In Exercises 35–42, determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a sample
A survey of 1000 U.S. adults found that 79% think that the spread of infectious diseases is a major threat to the well-being of the United States.In Exercises 35–42, determine whether the number
A study showed the same level of T cell production in senior citizens who are amateur cyclists as in young adults, but a significantly lower level of T cell production in senior citizens who do not
A study showed an association between intentional weight loss and a decreased risk of high blood pressure.Is it appropriate to infer from this study that weight loss causes a decreased risk of high
A study of college students showed that participants earned higher scores on quizzes and midterm exams with better sleep.(a) Identify the sample used in the study.(b) What is the population?(c) Which
Nationalities of passengers on a plane.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Zip codes.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Ages of dogs at a rescue facility.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Capacities of commercial freezers.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Types of flowers.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Names of towns where branch campuses of a college are located.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Distances of track events.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Response times for a customer service representative.In Exercises 7–14, determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
The top ten colleges in terms of value for the money according to U.S. News & World Report are listed. 1. Harvard 2. Princeton 3. Gallaudet 4. Yale 5. MIT 6. Columbia 7. Stanford 8. Rice 9.
The lengths (in centimeters) of 22 Ford automobiles are listed.In Exercises 15–20, determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning. 404 407 410 416 421 438 440 443 461
The room numbers of the classrooms in a college science building are listed.In Exercises 15–20, determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning. 112 113 114 116 117 118
The top ten fiction hardcover books on The New York Times Best Sellers List based on sales in the week ending March 6, 2021, are listed. 1. Life After Death 2. The Four Winds 3. Klara and the
The times from a high school bell schedule are listed.In Exercises 15–20, determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning. 8:00 A.M. 10:44 A.M. 8:52 A.M. 8:56 A.M. 9:48
In Exercises 21–24, determine the level of measurement of the data listed on the horizontal and vertical axes in the figure. Percent 60 50 40 30 20 10- Print Digital- Response Television- Radio-
In Exercises 21–24, determine the level of measurement of the data listed on the horizontal and vertical axes in the figure. 50 50 40 Percent 30 30 20 10 What Ages of Children Participate a Lot in
In Exercises 21–24, determine the level of measurement of the data listed on the horizontal and vertical axes in the figure. Number 500- 400- 300- 200- 100- Gender Profile of the 117th Congress
In Exercises 21–24, determine the level of measurement of the data listed on the horizontal and vertical axes in the figure. 38- 37- 36- 35 Number (in thousands) 34- Motor Vehicle Fatalities by
The items below appear on a physician’s intake form. Determine the level of measurement of the data for each category.(a) Temperature (b) Allergies(c) Weight (d) Pain level (scale of 0 to 10)
The items below appear on an employment application. Determine the level of measurement of the data for each category.(a) Highest grade level completed (b) Gender(c) Year of college graduation (d)
The top ten teams in the final college football poll released in January 2021 are listed. 1. Alabama 2. Ohio State 3. Clemson 4. Texas A&M 5. Notre Dame 6. Oklahoma 7. Georgia 8. Cincinnati
Four principal types of coffee beans are listed. Arabica Robusta Liberica Excelsa
The four geographical regions of the United States recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau are listed.Northeast South Midwest West
The top six final scores at the 2021 U.S. Women’s Figure Skating Championships are listed. 232.61 215.33 214.98 213.39 199.95 178.89
The ten richest people in the world as of March 30, 2021, are listed. 1. Jeff Bezos 2. Elon Musk 3. Bill Gates 4. Bernard Arnault 5. Mark Zuckerberg 6. Warren Buffett 7. Larry Page 8. Sergey
The numbers of performances for the 10 longest-running original runs of Broadway shows as of March 15, 2020, are listed. 13,370 9692 9302 7485 6836 6680 6137 5959 5758 5461
Each year, Forbes and the Center for College Affordability and Productivity (CCAP) release a list of the best colleges in the United States. Over 600 colleges and universities are ranked according to
You want to compare the numbers of crimes reported in three police precincts in a city. To do so, you randomly select 10 weeks for each precinct and record the numbers of crimes reported. The table
What are the conditions for using a Kruskal-Wallis test?
Explain why the Kruskal-Wallis test is always a right-tailed test.
The table shows the annual premiums for a random sample of home insurance policies in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia. At \(\alpha=0.05\), can you conclude that the distribution of the
A researcher wants to determine whether there is a difference in the hourly pay rates for registered nurses in Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. The researcher randomly selects several registered nurses
The table shows the annual salaries for a random sample of private industry workers in Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and West Virginia. At \(\alpha=0.10\), can you conclude that the
The table shows the amounts of caffeine (in milligrams) in 16-ounce servings for a random sample of beverages. At \(\alpha=0.01\), can you conclude that the distribution of the amounts of caffeine in
An insurance underwriter claims that the number of days patients spend in the hospital is different in at least one region of the United States. The table shows the numbers of days randomly selected
The table shows the energy consumed (in millions of Btu) in one year for a random sample of households from four U.S. regions. At \(\alpha=0.01\), can you conclude that the energy consumed is
The table shows the school enrollments of males and females for a random sample of 10 colleges. At \(\alpha=0.05\), can you conclude that there is a significant correlation between the number of
What are some advantages of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient over the Pearson correlation coefficient?
Describe the ranges of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
What does it mean when \(r_{s}\) is equal to 1 ? What does it mean when \(r_{s}\) is equal to -1 ? What does it mean when \(r_{s}\) is equal to 0 ?
Explain, in your own words, what \(r_{s}\) and \(ho_{s}\) represent in Example 1.
In an agricultural report, a commodities analyst claims that there is a significant correlation between purchased seed expenses and fertilizer and lime expenses in the farming business. The table
The table shows the overall scores and the prices for a random sample of nine different models of elliptical exercise machines. The overall score represents the ergonomics, exercise range, ease of
The table shows the prices (in dollars per bushel) received for barley and corn for a random sample of nine U.S. farmers. At \(\alpha=0.05\), can you conclude that there is a significant correlation
Vacuum Cleaners The table shows the overall scores and the prices for a random sample of 12 different models of vacuum cleaners. The overall score represents cleaning, airflow, handling, noise, and
At \(\alpha=0.10\), can you conclude that there is a significant correlation between science achievement scores and GNI?Use the table below. The table shows the average achievement scores of
At \(\alpha=0.10\), can you conclude that there is a significant correlation between mathematics achievement scores and GNI?Use the table below. The table shows the average achievement scores of
At \(\alpha=0.10\), can you conclude that there is a significant correlation between science and mathematics achievement scores?Use the table below. The table shows the average achievement scores of
Use the results from Exercises \(9-11\) to write a summary about the correlation (or lack of correlation) between test scores and GNI.Use the table below. The table shows the average achievement
The table shows the average hours worked per week and the numbers of on-the-job injuries for a random sample of U.S. companies in a recent year. At \(\alpha=0.10\), can you conclude that there is a
The table shows the average hours worked per week and the numbers of on-the-job injuries for a random sample of U.S. construction companies in a recent year. At \(\alpha=0.05\), can you conclude that
A liquid-dispensing machine has been designed to fill one-liter bottles. A quality control inspector decides whether each bottle is filled to an acceptable level and passes inspection \((P)\) or
As people enter a concert, an usher records where they are sitting. The results for 13 people are shown, where \(L\) represents a lawn seat and \(P\) represents a pavilion seat. At \(\alpha=0.05\),
You want to determine whether the selection of recently hired employees in a large company is random with respect to gender. The genders of 36 recently hired employees are shown below, where \(F\)
In your own words, explain why the hypothesis test discussed in this section is called the runs test.
Describe the test statistic for the runs test when the sample sizes \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) are less than or equal to 20 and when either \(n_{1}\) or \(n_{2}\) is greater than 20 .
\(T F T F T T T F F F T F\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of each run.
\(U U D D U D U U D D U D U\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of each run.
\(M F M F M F F F F F F M M M F F M M M M\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of each run.
\(A A A B B B A B B A A A A A A B A A B A B B\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of each run.
Find the values of \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) in Exercise 3.Data from Exercises 3\(T F T F T T T F F F T F\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of each run.
Find the values of \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) in Exercise 4 .Data from Exercises 4\(U U D D U D U U D D U D U\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of each run.
Find the values of \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) in Exercise 5 .Data from Exercises 5\(M F M F M F F F F F F M M M F F M M M M\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of each
Find the values of \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) in Exercise 6 .Data from Exercises 6\(A A A B B B A B B A A A A A A B A A B A B B\)Determine the number of runs in the sequence. Then find the length of
T F T F T F T F T F T F Use the sequence and Table 12 in Appendix B to determine the number of runs that are considered too high and the number of runs that are considered too low for the data to be
\(M F M M M M M M F F M M\)Use the sequence and Table 12 in Appendix B to determine the number of runs that are considered too high and the number of runs that are considered too low for the data to
\(N S S S N N N N S N S N S S N N N\)Use the sequence and Table 12 in Appendix B to determine the number of runs that are considered too high and the number of runs that are considered too low for
\(X X X X X X X Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y\)Use the sequence and Table 12 in Appendix B to determine the number of runs that are considered too high and the number of runs that are considered too
A coach records the results of the coin toss at the beginning of each football game for a season. The results are shown, where \(H\) represents heads and \(T\) represents tails. The coach claimed the
The sequence shows the majority party of the U.S. Senate after each election for a recent group of years, where \(R\) represents the Republican party and \(D\) represents the Democratic party. Can
The sequence shows the Major League Baseball league of each World Series winning team from 1969 to 2016, where \(N\) represents the National League and \(A\) represents the American League. Can you
A number generator outputs the sequence of digits shown, where \(O\) represents an odd digit and \(E\) represents an even digit. Test the claim that the digits were not randomly generated.(a)
A team of veterinarians record, in order, the genders of every dog that is microchipped at their pet hospital in one month. The genders of recently microchipped dogs are shown, where \(F\) represents
A golf tournament official records whether each past winner is American-born \((A)\) or foreign-born \((F)\). The results are shown for every year the tournament has existed. Can you conclude that
The sequence shows the daily high temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for a city during the month of July. Test the claim that the daily high temperatures do not occur randomly.Use the following
Exam Scores The sequence shows the exam scores of a class based on the order in which the students finished the test. Test the claim that the scores occur randomly.Use the following information to
Use technology to generate a sequence of 30 numbers from 1 to 99 , inclusive. Test the claim that the sequence of numbers is not random.Use the following information to perform a runs test. You can
Before you could perform many of the hypothesis tests you learned about in previous chapters, you had to ensure that certain conditions about the population were satisfied. For instance, before you
A store manager claims that the median number of customers per day is no more than 650 . The numbers of customers per day for 17 randomly selected days are listed below. At \(\alpha=0.01\), can you
A company claims that the median credit score for U.S. adults is at least 710 . The credit scores for 13 randomly selected U.S. adults are listed below. At \(\alpha=0.05\), can you reject the
A government agency claims that the median sentence length for all federal prisoners is 2 years. In a random sample of 180 federal prisoners, 65 have sentence lengths that are less than 2 years, 109
In a study testing the effects of calcium supplements on blood pressure in men, 10 randomly selected men were given a calcium supplement for 12 weeks. The table shows the measurements for each
In a study testing the effects of an herbal supplement on blood pressure in men, 11 randomly selected men were given an herbal supplement for 12 weeks. The table shows the measurements for each
An association claims that the median annual salary of lawyers is \(\$ 118,160\). In a random sample of 125 lawyers, 76 were paid less than \(\$ 118,160\), and 49 were paid more than \(\$ 118,160\).
A career placement advisor claims that there is a difference in the total times required to earn a doctorate degree by female and male graduate students. The table shows the total times (in years) to
A medical researcher claims that a new drug affects the number of headache hours experienced by headache sufferers. The numbers of headache hours (per day) experienced by eight randomly selected
The table shows the ages for a random sample of doctorate recipients in three fields of study. At \(\alpha=0.01\), can you conclude that the distribution of the ages of the doctorate recipients in at
The table shows the starting salaries for a random sample of college graduates in four fields of engineering. At \(\alpha=0.05\), can you conclude that the distribution of the starting salaries in at
The table shows the overall scores and the prices for six randomly selected video disk players. The overall score is based mainly on picture quality. At \(\alpha=0.10\), can you conclude that there
The table shows the overall scores and the prices per gallon for seven randomly selected interior paints. The overall score represents hiding, surface smoothness, and resistance to staining,
A highway patrol officer stops speeding vehicles on an interstate highway. The genders of the last 25 drivers who were stopped are shown, where \(F\) represents a female driver and \(M\) represents a
The sequence shows the departure status of the last 18 buses to leave a bus station, where \(T\) represents a bus that departed on time and \(L\) represents a bus that departed late. Can you conclude
An organization claims that the median number of annual volunteer hours is 52. In a random sample of 75 people who volunteered last year, 47 volunteered for less than 52 hours, 23 volunteered for
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