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chemistry
physical chemistry
Questions and Answers of
Physical Chemistry
Using concentration as a conversion factor, how many liters are needed to provide 0.822 mol of NaBr from a 0.665 M solution?
Using concentration as a conversion factor, how many liters are needed to provide 2.500 mol of (NH2)2CO from a 1.087 M solution?
What is the mass of solute in 24.5 mL of 0.755 M CoCl2?
What is the mass of solute in 3.81 L of 0.0232 M Zn(NO3)2?
What volume of solution is needed to provide 9.04 g of NiF2 from a 0.332 M solution?
What volume of solution is needed to provide 0.229 g of CH2O from a 0.00560 M solution?
What volume of 3.44 M HCl will react with 5.33 mol of CaCO3?2HCl + CaCO3 ( CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
At 300°C, the vapor pressure of Hg is 32.97 torr. What mass of Au would have to be dissolved in 5.00 g of Hg to lower its vapor pressure to 25.00 torr?
If 25.0 g of C6H12O6 are dissolved in 100.0 g of H2O, what is the boiling point of this solution?
If 123 g of C10H16O are dissolved in 355 g of C6H6, what is the boiling point of this solution?
If 1 mol of solid CBr4 is mixed with 2 mol of CCl4, what is the boiling point of this solution?
A solution of C2H2O4 in CH3COOH has a boiling point of 123.40°C. What is the molality of the solution?
If 123 g of C10H16O are dissolved in 355 g of C6H6, what is the freezing point of this solution?
If 25.0 g of C6H12O6 are dissolved in 100.0 g of H2O, what is the freezing point of this solution?
C8H17OH is a nonvolatile solid that dissolves in C6H12. If 7.22 g of C8H17OH is dissolved in 45.3 g of C6H12, what is the freezing point of this solution?
A solution of C2H2O4 in CH3COOH has a freezing point of 10.00°C. What is the molality of the solution?
If 25.0 g of C6H12O6 are dissolved in H2O to make 0.100 L of solution, what is the osmotic pressure of this solution at 25°C?
If 2.33 g of C27H46O are dissolved in liquid CS2 to make 50.00 mL of solution, what is the osmotic pressure of this solution at 298 K?
At 298 K, what concentration of solution is needed to have an osmotic pressure of 1.00 atm?
The osmotic pressure of blood is about 7.65 atm at 37°C. What is the approximate concentration of dissolved solutes in blood?
If 125 g of N2 are mixed with 175 g of O2, what is the mole fraction of each component?
If 36.5 g of NaCl are mixed with 63.5 g of H2O, what is the mole fraction of each component?
An alloy of stainless steel is prepared from 75.4 g of Fe, 12.6 g of Cr, and 10.8 g of C. What is the mole fraction of each component?
A solution is made by mixing 12.0 g of C10H8 in 45.0 g of C6H6. If the vapor pressure of pure C6H6 is 76.5 torr at a particular temperature, what is the vapor pressure of the solution at the same
A solution is made by mixing 43.9 g of C6H12O6 in 100.0 g of H2O. If the vapor pressure of pure water is 26.5 torr at a particular temperature, what is the vapor pressure of the solution at the same
At 300°C, the vapor pressure of Hg is 32.97 torr. If 0.775 g of Au were dissolved into 3.77 g of Hg, what would be the vapor pressure of the solution?
Assuming an ideal van't Hoff factor, what mole fraction is required for a solution of Mg(NO3)2 to have a vapor pressure of 20.00 torr at 25.0°C torr? The vapor pressure of the solvent is 23.61 torr
Calculate the boiling point of an aqueous solution of NaNO3 made by mixing 15.6 g of NaNO3 with 100.0 g of H2O. Assume an ideal van't Hoff factor.
Many labs use a cleaning solution of KOH dissolved in C2H5OH. If 34.7 g of KOH were dissolved in 88.0 g of C2H5OH, what is the boiling point of this solution? The normal boiling point of C2H5OH is
What is the freezing point of a solution made by dissolving 345 g of CaCl2 in 1,550 g of H2O? Assume an ideal van't Hoff factor.
A classic homemade ice cream can be made by freezing the ice cream mixture using a solution of 250 g of NaCl dissolved in 1.25 kg of ice water. What is the temperature of this ice water? Assume an
Seawater can be approximated as a 3.5% NaCl solution by mass; that is, 3.5 g of NaCl are combined with 96.5 g H2O. What is the osmotic pressure of seawater? Assume an ideal van't Hoff factor.
The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.65 atm at 37°C. If blood were considered a solution of NaCl, what is the concentration of NaCl in blood? Assume an ideal van't Hoff factor.
What is the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution of 36.4 g of KBr in 199.5 g of H2O if the vapor pressure of H2O at the same temperature is 32.55 torr? What other solute(s) would give a solution
For sanitary reasons, water in pools should be chlorinated to a maximum level of 3.0 ppm. In a typical 5,000 gal pool that contains 21,200 kg of water, what mass of chlorine must be added to obtain
Given its notoriety, you might think that uranium is very rare, but it is present at about 2–4 ppm of the earth’s crust, which is more abundant than silver or mercury. If the earth’s crust is
Chromium is thought to be an ultratrace element, with about 8.9 ng present in a human body. If the average body mass is 75.0 kg, what is the concentration of chromium in the body in pptr?
What mass of 3.00% H2O2 solution is needed to produce 35.7 g of O2(g) at 295 K at 1.05 atm pressure?2H2O2(aq) ( 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g)
What volume of pool water is needed to generate 1.000 L of Cl2(g) at standard temperature and pressure if the pool contains 4.0 ppm HOCl and the water is slightly acidic? The chemical reaction is as
A 0.500 m solution of MgCl2 has a freezing point of −2.60°C. What is the true van't Hoff factor of this ionic compound? Why is it less than the ideal value?
The osmotic pressure of a 0.050 M LiCl solution at 25.0°C is 2.26 atm. What is the true van't Hoff factor of this ionic compound? Why is it less than the ideal value?
Order these solutions in order of increasing boiling point, assuming an ideal van't Hoff factor for each: 0.10 m C6H12O6, 0.06 m NaCl, 0.4 m Au(NO3)3, and 0.4 m Al2(SO4)3.
Order these solutions in order of decreasing osmotic pressure, assuming an ideal van't Hoff factor: 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M CaCl2, 0.05 M MgBr2, and 0.07 M Ga(C2H3O2)3
What mass of FeCl2 is present in 445 mL of 0.0812 M FeCl2 solution?
What mass of SO2 is present in 26.8 L of 1.22 M SO2 solution?
What volume of 0.225 M Ca(OH)2 solution is needed to deliver 100.0 g of Ca(OH)2?
What volume of 12.0 M HCl solution is needed to obtain exactly 1.000 kg of HCl?
The World Health Organization recommends that the maximum fluoride ion concentration in drinking water is 1.0 ppm. Assuming water has the maximum concentration, if an average person drinks 1,920 mL
Photographers’ hypo, used to fix negatives during the development process, is sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate. What is the chemical formula of this compound?
Find the coefficients that balance the following equations. a. O2 + PCl3 → POCl3 b. P4 + N2O → P4O6 + N2 c. As2S3 + O2 → As2O3 + SO2 d. Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4 → Ca(H2PO4)2
Chlorine consists of the following isotopes:What is the atomic mass of chlorine?
By referring to the periodic table (Figure 2.15 or inside front cover), identify the group and period to which each of the following elements belongs. Then decide whether the element is a metal,
Potassium chromate is an important compound of chromium. It is composed of K+ and CrO42 ions. Write the formula of the compound.
Write the names of the following compounds: a. CaO, b. PbCrO4.
Like Dalton, chemists continue to model atoms using spheres. Modern models are usually drawn with a computer and use different colors to represent atoms of different elements. Which of the models
What would be a feasible model for the atom if Geiger and Marsden had found that 7999 out of 8000 alpha particles were deflected back at the alpha-particle source?
Identify the following compounds as being a hydrocarbon, an alcohol, an ether, or a carboxylic acid.
You take a job with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inspecting college chemistry laboratories. On the first day of the job while inspecting Generic University you encounter a bottle
Describe atomic theory and discuss how it explains the great variety of different substances. How does it explain chemical reactions?
Briefly explain how a mass spectrometer works. What kinds of information does one obtain from the instrument?
Solid sodium metal reacts with water, giving a solution of sodium hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas. Write a balanced equation for the reaction using complete formulas for the compounds with phase
An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and barium hydroxide is heated, and the compounds react to give off ammonia gas. Barium chloride solution and water are also products. Write a balanced
Lead metal is produced by heating solid lead(II) sulfide with solid lead(II) sulfate, resulting in liquid lead and sulfur dioxide gas. Write a balanced equation for the reaction using complete
Two samples of different compounds of nitrogen and oxygen have the following compositions. Show that the compounds follow the law of multiple proportions. What is the ratio of oxygen in the two
Two samples of different compounds of sulfur and oxygen have the following compositions. Show that the compounds follow the law of multiple proportions. What is the ratio of oxygen in the two
In a series of oil-drop experiments, the charges measured on the oil drops were 3.20 × 10–19 C, –6.40 × 10–19 C, –9.60 × 10–19 C, and –1.12 × 10–18 C. What is the smallest
In a hypothetical universe, an oil-drop experiment gave the following measurements of charges on oil drops: –5.55 × 10–19 C, –9.25 × 10–19 C, –1.11 × 10–18 C, and –1.48 × 10–18 C.
Compounds of europium, Eu, are used to make color television screens. The europium nucleus has a charge of +63. How many electrons are there in the neutral atom? in the Eu3+ ion?
Cesium, Cs, is used in photoelectric cells (“electric eyes”). The cesium nucleus has a charge of +55. What is the number of electrons in the neutral atom? in the Cs+ ion?
A nucleus of mass number 81 contains 46 neutrons. An atomic ion of this element has 36 electrons in it. Write the symbol for this atomic ion (give the symbol for the nucleus and give the ionic charge
Define the term atomic mass. Why might the values of atomic masses on a planet elsewhere in the universe be different from those on earth?
One isotope of a metallic element has mass number 80 and has 55 neutrons in the nucleus. An atomic ion has 23 electrons. Write the symbol for this ion (give the symbol for the nucleus and give the
Obtain the fractional abundances for the two naturally occurring isotopes of copper. The masses of the isotopes are 6329Cu, 62.9298 amu; 6529Cu, 64.9278 amu. The atomic mass is 63.546 amu.
Silver has two naturally occurring isotopes, one of mass 106.91 amu and the other of mass 108.90 amu. Find the fractional abundances for these two isotopes. The atomic mass is 107.87 amu.
Identify the following elements, giving their name and atomic symbol. a. A nonmetal that is normally a liquid b. A normally gaseous element in Group IA c. A transition element in Group VB, Period
Identify the following elements, giving their name and atomic symbol. a. A normally liquid element in Group VIIA b. A metal that is normally a liquid c. A main-group element in Group IIIA, Period
Give the names of the following ions. a. Cr3+ b. Pb4+ c. Cu+ d. Cu2+
Give the names of the following ions. a. Mn2+ b. Ni2+ c. Co2+ d. Co3+
Name the following compounds. a. Sn3(PO4)2 b. NH4NO2 c. Mg(OH)2 d. CrSO4
Name the following compounds. a. Cu(NO2)2 b. (NH4)3P c. Na2SO4 d. HgCl2
Give the formulas for the following compounds. a. Mercury(I) sulfide b. Cobalt(III) sulfite c. Ammonium dichromate d. Aluminum nitride
Give the formulas for the following compounds. a. Hydrogen peroxide b. Aluminum phosphate c. Lead(IV) phosphide d. Boron trifluoride
Name the following molecular compounds. a. AsBr3 b. H2Se c. P2O5 d. SiO2
Name the following molecular compounds. a. ClF4 b. CS2 c. NF3 d. SF6
Balance the following equations. a. C2H6 + O2 → CO2 H2O b. P4O6 + H2O → H3PO3 c. KClO3 → KCl + KClO4 d. (NH4)2SO4 + NaOH → NH3 + H2O Na2SO4 e. NBr3 + NaOH → N2 + NaBr + HOBr
Balance the following equations. a. NaOH + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + H2O b. SiCl4 + H2O → SiO2 + HCl c. Ca3(PO4)2 + C → Ca3P2 + CO d. H2S + O2 ±£ SO2 + H2O e. N2O5 → NO2 + O2
A monatomic ion has a charge of +2. The nucleus of the ion has a mass number of 62. The number of neutrons in the nucleus is 1.21 times that of the number of protons. How many electrons are in the
A monatomic ion has a charge of +1. The nucleus of the ion has a mass number of 85. The number of neutrons in the nucleus is 1.30 times that of the number of protons. How many electrons are in the
Natural carbon, which has an atomic mass of 12.011 amu, consists of carbon-12 and carbon 13 isotopes. Given that the mass of carbon-13 is 13.00335 amu, what would be the average atomic mass (in amu)
Natural chlorine, which has an atomic mass of 35.4527 amu, consists of chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 isotopes. Given that the mass of chlorine-35 is 34.96885 amu, what is the average atomic mass (in
Describe the island of stability. What nuclide is predicted to be most stable?
Correct any mistakes in the naming of the following compounds or ions. SO3: sulfite NO2: nitrite PO43: phosphite ion N2: nitride Mg(OH)2: maganese dihydroxide
Aluminum is reacted with sulfur to form a binary compound. Write the balanced chemical reaction and write the name of the compound formed by the reaction.
A hypothetical element X is found to have an atomic mass of 37.45 amu. Element X has only two isotopes, X-37 and X-38. The X-37 isotope has a fractional abundance of 0.7721 and an isotopic mass of
A monotomic ion has a charge of +3. The nucleus of the ion has a mass number of 27. The number of neutrons in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons in a S2 ion. Identify the element and
A small crystal of CaCl2 that weighs 0.12 g contains 6.5 × 1020 formula units of CaCl2. What is the total number of ions (cations and anions) that make up this crystal?
Write the formulas and names for all the ionic compounds that can form by combinations of the following ions: Mg2+, Pb4+, the carbonate anion, and the phosphide anion.
Name the following compounds: SO3 HNO2 Mg3N3 HBr Cu3(PO4)2 CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O
The IO3 anion is called iodate. There are three related ions: IO, IO2, and IO4. Using what you have learned about similar groups of anions, write the name for each of the following
There are 2.619 × 1022 atoms in 1.000 g of sodium. Assume that sodium atoms are spheres of radius 1.86 Å and that they are lined up side by side. How many miles in length is the line of sodium
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