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chemistry
physical chemistry

Questions and Answers of Physical Chemistry

The photo shows physics instructor Marshall Ellenstein walking barefoot on broken glass bottles in his class. What physics concept is Marshall demonstrating, and why is he careful that the broken
The weight of the container of water, as shown in (a), is equal to the weight of the stand and the suspended solid iron ball. When the suspended ball is lowered into the water, as shown in (b), the
Why does your body get more rest when you're lying down than when you're sitting? Is blood pressure in your legs greater?
A 6-kg piece of metal displaces 1 L of water when submerged. Show that its density is 6000 kg/m3. How does this compare with the density of water?
A dike in Holland springs a leak through a hole of area 1 cm2 at a depth of 2 m below the water surface. How much force must a boy apply to the hole with his thumb to stop the leak? Could he do it?
In lab you find that a 1-kg rock suspended above water weighs 10 N. When the rock is suspended beneath the surface of the water, the scale reads 8 N.a. What is the buoyant force on the rock? b. If
A merchant in Katmandu sells you a solid gold 1-kg statue for a very reasonable price. When you get home, you wonder whether or not you got a bargain, so you lower the statue into a container of
Your friend of mass 100 kg can just barely float in freshwater. Calculate her approximate volume.
It is said that a gas fills all the space available to it. Why, then, doesn't the atmosphere go off into space?
Two teams of eight horses each were unable to pull the Magdeburg hemispheres apart (shown at the top of the opening page of this chapter). Suppose that two teams of nine horses each could pull them
When boarding an airplane, you bring a bag of chips (or any other item packaged in an airtight foil package) and, while you are in flight, you notice that the bag puffs up. Explain why this happens.
Why do you suppose that airplane windows are smaller than bus windows?
We can understand how pressure in water depends on depth by considering a stack of bricks. The pressure below the bottom brick is determined by the weight of the entire stack. Halfway up the stack,
The "pump" in a vacuum cleaner is merely a high-speed fan. Would a vacuum cleaner pick up dust from a rug on the Moon? Explain.
Suppose that the pump shown in Figure 14.9 operated with a perfect vacuum. From how deep a well could water be pumped?
If a liquid only half as dense as mercury were used in a barometer, how high would its level be on a day of normal atmospheric pressure?
Why does the size of the cross-sectional area of a mercury barometer not affect the height of the enclosed mercury column?
From how deep a container could mercury be drawn with a siphon?
If you could somehow replace the mercury in a mercury barometer with a denser liquid, would the height of the liquid column be greater than or less than the height of the mercury? Why?
Why is there no atmosphere on the Moon?
The pressure exerted against the ground by an elephant's weight distributed evenly over its four feet is less than 1 atmosphere. Why, then, would you be crushed beneath the foot of an elephant, while
Your friend says that the buoyant force of the atmosphere on an elephant is significantly greater than the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a small helium-filled balloon. What do you say?
Which will register the greater weight: an empty flattened balloon or the same balloon filled with air? Defend your answer, then try it and see.
On a sensitive balance, weigh an empty, flat, thin plastic bag. Then weigh the bag filled with air. Will the readings differ? Explain.
Why is it so difficult to breathe when snorkeling at a depth of 1 m and practically impossible at a 2-m depth? Why can't a diver simply breathe through a hose that extends to the surface?
A little girl sits in a car at a traffic light holding a helium-filled balloon. The windows are closed and the car is relatively airtight. When the light turns green and the car accelerates forward,
How does the concept of buoyancy complicate the old question "Which weighs more, a pound of lead or a pound of feathers"?
Why does the weight of an object in air differ from its weight in a vacuum (remembering that weight is the force exerted against a supporting surface)? Cite an example in which this would be an
Would a bottle of helium gas weigh more or less than an identical bottle filled with air at the same pressure? Than an identical bottle with the air pumped out?
When you replace helium in a balloon with less-dense hydrogen, does the buoyant force on the balloon change if the balloon remains the same size? Explain.
A steel tank filled with helium gas doesn't rise in air, but a balloon containing the same helium rises easily. Why?
The gas pressure inside an inflated rubber balloon is always greater than the air pressure outside. Explain.
Two identical balloons of the same volume are pumped up with air to more than atmospheric pressure and suspended on the ends of a stick that is horizontally balanced. One of the balloons is then
Two balloons that have the same weight and volume are filled with equal amounts of helium. One is rigid and the other is free to expand as the pressure outside decreases. When released, which will
If you count the tires on a large tractor-trailer that is unloading food at your local supermarket, you may be surprised to count 18 tires. Why so many tires?
The force of the atmosphere at sea level against the outside of a 10-m2 store window is about a million N. Why does this not shatter the window? Why might the window shatter in a strong wind blowing
What provides the lift to keep a Frisbee in flight?
Imagine a huge space colony that consists of a rotating air-filled cylinder. How would the density of air at "ground level" compare to the air densities "above"?
When a steadily flowing gas flows from a larger-diameter pipe to a smaller-diameter pipe, what happens to (a) Its speed, (b) Its pressure, and (c) The spacing between its streamlines?
Why is it easier to throw a curve with a tennis ball than a baseball?
Why do airplanes extend wing flaps that increase the area and the angle of attack of the wing during takeoffs and landings? Why are these flaps pulled in when the airplane has reached cruising speed?
How is an airplane able to fly upside down?
What physics principle underlies these three observations? When passing an oncoming truck on the highway, your car tends to sway toward the truck. The canvas roof of a convertible automobile bulges
Wharves are made with pilings that permit the free passage of water. Why would a solid walled wharf be disadvantageous to ships attempting to pull alongside?
Is lower pressure the result of fast-moving air, or is fast-moving air the result of lower pressure? Give one example supporting each point of view. (In physics, when two things are related-such as
What is the purpose of the ridges that prevent the funnel from fitting tightly in the mouth of a bottle?
How does the density of air in a deep mine compare with the air density at Earth's surface?
Estimate the buoyant force that air exerts on you. (To do this, you can estimate your volume by knowing your weight and by assuming that your weight density is a bit less than that of water.)
A mountain-climber friend with a mass of 80 kg ponders the idea of attaching a helium-filled balloon to himself to effectively reduce his weight by 25% when he climbs. He wonders what the approximate
On a perfect fall day, you are hovering at low altitude in a hot-air balloon, accelerated neither upward nor downward. The total weight of the balloon, including its load and the hot air in it, is
Consider an airplane with a total wing surface of 1002 m. At a certain speed the difference in air pressure below and above the wings is 4% of atmospheric pressure. Show that the lift on the airplane
The weight of the atmosphere above 1 m2 of Earth's surface is about 100,000 N. Density, of course, becomes less with altitude. But suppose the density of air were a constant 1.2 kg/m3. Calculate
Imagine a book that is falling from a shelf. At a particular moment during its fall, the book has a kinetic energy of 24 J and a potential energy with respect to the floor of 47 J. (a) How does the
The gas-phase reaction shown, between N2 and O2, was run in an apparatus designed to maintain a constant pressure.(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction depicted and predict whether
A coffee-cup calorimeter of the type shown in Figure 5.18 contains 150.0 g of water at 25.1 °C. A 121.0-g block of copper metal is heated to 100.4 °C by putting it in a beaker of boiling water. The
(a) When a 0.235-g sample of benzoic acid is combusted in a bomb calorimeter (Figure 5.19), the temperature rises 1.642 °C. When a 0.265-g sample of caffeine, C8H10O2N4, is burned, the temperature
Meals-ready-to-eat (MREs) are military meals that can be heated on a flameless heater. The heat is produced by the following reaction: Mg(s) 2H2O(I) → Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g). (a) Calculate the standard
Burning methane in oxygen can produce three different carbon-containing products: soot (very fine particles of graphite), CO(g), and CO2(g). (a) Write three balanced equations for the reaction of
(a) Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous diborane (B2H6) using the following thermochemical information:(b) Pentaborane (B5H9) is another boron hydride. What experiment or
From the following data for three prospective fuels, calculate which could provide the most energy per unit volume:
The hydrocarbons acetylene (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) have the same empirical formula. Benzene is an "aromatic" hydrocarbon, one that is unusually stable because of its structure. (a) By using the
Ammonia (NH3) boils at -33 °C; at this temperature it has a density of 0.81 g/cm3. The enthalpy of formation of NH3(g) is -46.2 kJ/mol, and the enthalpy of vaporization of NH3(l) is 23.2 kJ/mol.
Three common hydrocarbons that contain four carbons arelisted here, along with their standard enthalpies of formation:(a) For each of these substances, calculate the molar enthalpy of combustion to
A 200-lb man decides to add to his exercise routine by walking up three flights of stairs (45 ft) 20 times per day. He figures that the work required to increase his potential energy in this way will
Consider the two diagrams that follow.(a) Based on (i),write an equation showing how Î”HA is related to Î”HB and Î”HC. How do both diagram (i) and your equation
The Sun supplies about 1.0 kilowatt of energy for each square meter of surface area (1.0 kW/m2, where a watt = 1J/s. Plants produce the equivalent of about 0.20 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) per hour per
It is estimated that the net amount of carbon dioxide fixed by photosynthesis on the landmass of Earth is 5.5 × 1016 g/yr of CO2. Assume that all this carbon is converted into glucose. (a) Calculate
Consider the combustion of a single molecule of CH4(g) forming H2O(l) as a product. (a) How much energy, in J, is produced during this reaction? (b) A typical X-ray light source has an energy of 8
Consider the following unbalanced oxidation-reduction reactions in aqueous solution: (a) Balance each of the reactions. (b) By using data in Appendix C, calculate ΔH° for each of the
Consider the following acid-neutralization reactions involving the strong base NaOH(aq):(a) By using data in Appendix C, calculate Î”H° for each of the reactions. (b) As we saw in
Consider two solutions, the first being 50.0 mL of 1.00 MCuSO4 and the second 50.0 mL of 2.00 MKOH. When the two solutions are mixed in a constant-pressure calorimeter, a precipitate forms and the
The precipitation reaction between AgNO3(aq) and NaCl(aq) proceeds as follows:(a) By using Appendix C, calculate Î”H° for the net ionic equation of this reaction. (b) What would you
A sample of a hydrocarbon is combusted completely in O2(g) to produce 21.83 g CO2(g), 4.47 g H2O(g), and 311 kJ of heat. (a) What is the mass of the hydrocarbon sample that was combusted? (b) What is
The methane molecule, CH4, has the geometry shown in Figure 2.19. Imagine a hypothetical process in which the methane molecule is "expanded," by simultaneously extending all four C-H bonds to
World energy supplies are often measured in the unit of quadrillion British thermal units (1012 Btu), generally called a "quad." In 2015, world energy consumption is projected to be 5.81 × 1017
Consider the conversion of compound A into compound B: A --→ B. For both compounds A and B, ΔH°j > 0. (a) Sketch an enthalpy diagram for the reaction that is analogous to Figure 5.23. (b)
In what two ways can an object possess energy? How do these two ways differ from one another?
Suppose you toss a tennis ball upward. (a) Does the kinetic energy of the ball increase or decrease as it moves higher? (b) What happens to the potential energy of the ball as it moves higher? (c) If
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy in joules of a 1200-kg automobile moving at 18 m/s. (b) Convert this energy to calories. (c) What happens to this energy when the automobile brakes to a stop?
(a) A baseball weighs 5.13 oz. What is the kinetic energy in joules of this baseball when it is thrown by a major-league pitcher at 95.0 mph? (b) By what factor will the kinetic energy change if the
The use of the British thermal unit (Btu) is common in much engineering work. A Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 °F. Calculate the number of joules
A watt is a measure of power (the rate of energy change) equal to 1 J/s. (a) Calculate the number of joules in a kilowatt-hour. (b) An adult person radiates heat to the surroundings at about the
(a) What is meant by the term system in thermodynamics? (b) What is a closed system? (c) What do we call the part of the universe that is not part of the system?
The accompanying photo shows a pipevine swallowtail caterpillar climbing up a twig.(a) As the caterpillar climbs, its potential energy is increasing. What source of energy has been used to effect
In a thermodynamic study a scientist focuses on the properties of a solution in an apparatus as illustrated. A solution is continuously flowing into the apparatus at the top and out at the bottom,
(a) What is work? (b) How do we determine the amount of work done, given the force associated with the work?
(a) What is heat? (b) Under what conditions is heat transferred from one object to another?
Identify the force present and explain whether work is being performed in the following cases: (a) You lift a pencil off the top of a desk. (b) A spring is compressed to half its normal length.
Identify the force present and explain whether work is done when (a) A positively charged particle moves in a circle at a fixed distance from a negatively charged particle (b) An iron nail is pulled
(a) State the first law of thermodynamics. (b) What is meant by the internal energy of a system? (c) By what means can the internal energy of a closed system increase?
(a) Write an equation that expresses the first law of thermodynamics in terms of heat and work. (b) Under what conditions will the quantities q and w be negative numbers?
Calculate ¢E and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic for the following cases: (a) q = 0.763 kJ and w = -840 J (b) A system releases 66.1 kJ of heat to its surroundings while
For the following processes, calculate the change in internal energy of the system and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic: (a) A balloon is cooled by removing 0.655 kJ of
A gas is confined to a cylinder fitted with a piston and an electrical heater, as shown here:Suppose that current is supplied to the heater so that 100 J of energy is added. Consider two different
Consider the accompanying energy diagram.(a) Does this diagram represent an increase or decrease in the internal energy of the system?(b) What sign is given to ¢E for this process?(c) If there
Consider a system consisting of two oppositely charged spheres hanging by strings and separated by a distance r1, as shown in the accompanying illustration. Suppose they are separated to a larger
(a) What is meant by the term state function? (b) Give an example of a quantity that is a state function and one that is not. (c) Is the volume of the system a state function? Why or why not?
Indicate which of the following is independent of the path by which a change occurs: (a) The change in potential energy when a book is transferred from table to shelf (b) The heat evolved when a cube
(a) Why is the change in enthalpy usually easier to measure than the change in internal energy? (b) H is a state function, but q is not a state function. Explain. (c) For a given process at constant
(a) Under what condition will the enthalpy change of a process equal the amount of heat transferred into or out of the system? (b) During a constant-pressure process, the system releases heat to the

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