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computer sciences
systems analysis and design

Questions and Answers of Systems Analysis And Design

Explain the term striped data.
In the context of RAID, what is the distinction between parallel access and independent access?
What is the difference between CAV and CLV?
What differences between a CD and a DVD account for the larger capacity of the latter?
Explain serpentine recording.
How are data written onto a magnetic disk?
How are data read from a magnetic disk?
Explain the difference between a simple CAV system and a multiple zoned recording system.
Define the terms track, cylinder, and sector.
Define the terms seek time, rotational delay, access time, and transfer time.
What common characteristics are shared by all RAID levels?
Briefly define the seven RAID levels. Discuss.
Consider a disk with N tracks numbered from 0 to (N - 1) and assume that requested sectors are distributed randomly and evenly over the disk. We want to calculate the average number of tracks
Design a backup strategy for a computer system. One option is to use plug-in external disks, which cost $150 for each 500 GB drive. Another option is to buy a tape drive for $2500, and 400 GB tapes
Consider a magnetic disk drive with 8 surfaces, 512 tracks per surface, and 64 sectors per track. Sector size is 1 KB. The average seek time is 8 ms, the track-to-track access time is 1.5 ms, and the
Consider a single-platter disk with the following parameters: rotation speed: 7200 rpm; number of tracks on one side of platter: 30,000; number of sectors per track: 600; seek time: one ms for every
A distinction is made between physical records and logical records. A logical record is a collection of related data elements treated as a conceptual unit, independent of how or where the information
Consider a disk that rotates at 3600 rpm. The seek time to move the head between adjacent tracks is 2 ms. There are 32 sectors per track, which are stored in linear order from sector 0 through sector
It should be clear that disk striping can improve data transfer rate when the strip size is small compared to the I/O request size. It should also be clear that RAID 0 provides improved performance
Consider a 4-drive, 200GB-per-drive RAID array. What is the available data storage capacity for each of the RAID levels, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6?
For a compact disk, audio is converted to digital with 16-bit samples, and is treated a stream of 8-bit bytes for storage. One simple scheme for storing this data, called direct recording, would be
List three broad classifications of external, or peripheral, devices.
What is the International Reference Alphabet?
List and briefly define three techniques for performing I/O. Discuss.
What is the difference between memory-mapped I/O and isolated I/O?
On a typical microprocessor, a distinct I/O address is used to refer to the I/O data registers and a distinct address for the control and status registers in an I/O controller for a given device.
Consider a system employing interrupt-driven I/O for a particular device that transfers data at an average of 8 KB/s on a continuous basis. a. Assume that interrupt processing takes about 100 μs
In virtually all systems that include DMA modules, DMA access to main memory is given higher priority than CPU access to main memory. Why?
A DMA module is transferring characters to memory using cycle stealing, from a device transmitting at 9600 bps. The processor is fetching instructions at the rate of 1 million instructions per second
Consider a system in which bus cycles takes 500 ns. Transfer of bus control in either direction, from processor to I/O device or vice versa, takes 250 ns. One of the I/O devices has a data transfer
Examination of the timing diagram of the 8237A indicates that once a block transfer begins, it takes three bus clock cycles per DMA cycle. During the DMA cycle, the 8237A transfers one byte of
Assume that in the system of the preceding problem, a memory cycle takes 750 ns. To what value could we reduce the clocking rate of the bus without effect on the attainable data transfer rate?
A DMA controller serves four receive-only telecommunication links (one per DMA channel) having a speed of 64 Kbps each. a. Would you operate the controller in burst mode or in cycle-stealing mode? b.
A 32-bit computer has two selector channels and one multiplexor channel. Each selector channel supports two magnetic disk and two magnetic tape units. The multiplexor channel has two line printers,
A computer consists of a processor and an I/O device D connected to main memory M via a shared bus with a data bus width of one word. The processor can execute a maximum of 106 instructions per
A data source produces 7-bit IRA characters, to each of which is appended a parity bit. Derive an expression for the maximum effective data rate (rate of IRA data bits) over an R-bps line for the
A similar instruction format is used in the Zilog Z8000 microprocessor family. In this case, there is a direct port addressing capability, in which a 16-bit port address is part of the instruction,
The following problem is based on a suggested illustration of I/O mechanisms in [ECKE90] (Figure 7.22): Two women are on either side of a high fence. One of the women, named Apple-server, has a
Assume that one 16-bit and two 8-bit microprocessors are to be interfaced to a system bus. The following details are given: 1. All microprocessors have the hardware features necessary for any type of
Consider a microprocessor that has a block I/O transfer instruction such as that found on the Z8000. Following its first execution, such an instruction takes five clock cycles to re-execute. However,
A system is based on an 8-bit microprocessor and has two I/O devices. The I/O controllers for this system use separate control and status registers. Both devices handle data on a 1-byte-at-a-time
For programmed I/O, Figure 7.5 indicates that the processor is stuck in a wait loop doing status checking of an I/O device. To increase efficiency, the I/O software could be written so that the
A microprocessor scans the status of an output I/O device every 20 ms. This is accomplished by means of a timer alerting the processor every 20 ms. The interface of the device includes two ports: one
In Section 7.3, one advantage and one disadvantage of memory-mapped I/O, compared with isolated I/O, were listed. List two more advantages and two more disadvantages.
A particular system is controlled by an operator through commands entered from a keyboard. The average number of commands entered in an 8-hour interval is 60. a. Suppose the processor scans the
What is the purpose of a translation look aside buffer?
List and briefly define the key services provided by an OS.
List and briefly define the major types of OS scheduling.
Suppose that we have a multi programmed computer in which each job has identical characteristics. In one computation period, T, for a job, half the time is spent in I/O and the other half in
In the VAX computer, user page tables are located at virtual addresses in the system space. What is the advantage of having user page tables in virtual rather than main memory? What is the
Suppose the program statement for (i = 1; i
The IBM System/370 architecture uses a two-level memory structure and refers to the two levels as segments and pages, although the segmentation approach lacks many of the features described earlier
Consider a computer system with both segmentation and paging. When a segment is in memory, some words are wasted on the last page. In addition, for a segment size s and a page size p, there are s/p
A computer has a cache, main memory, and a disk used for virtual memory. If a referenced word is in the cache, 20 ns are required to access it. If it is in main memory but not in the cache, 60 ns are
Assume a task is divided into four equal-sized segments and that the system builds an eight-entry page descriptor table for each segment. Thus, the system has a combination of segmentation and
Assume a microprocessor capable of accessing up to 232 bytes of physical main memory. It implements one segmented logical address space of maximum size 231 bytes. Each instruction contains the whole
Consider a paged logical address space (composed of 32 pages of 2 KBytes each) mapped into a 1-MByte physical memory space. a. What is the format of the processor's logical address? b. What is the
In IBM's mainframe operating system, OS/390, one of the major modules in the kernel is the System Resource Manager (SRM). This module is responsible for the allocation of resources among address
For each of the ARM virtual address formats shown in Figure 8.24, show the physical address format.
An I/O-bound program is one that, if run alone, would spend more time waiting for I/O than using the processor. A processor-bound program is the opposite. Suppose a short-term scheduling algorithm
Draw a figure similar to Figure 8.23 for ARM virtual memory translation when main memory is divided into sections.
A program computes the row sumsof an array A that is 100 by 100. Assume that the computer uses demand paging with a page size of 1000 words, and that the amount of main memory allotted for data is
Consider a fixed partitioning scheme with equal-size partitions of 216 bytes and a total main memory size of 224 bytes. A process table is maintained that includes a pointer to a partition for each
Consider a dynamic partitioning scheme. Show that, on average, the memory contains half as many holes as segments. Discuss.
Suppose the page table for the process currently executing on the processor looks like the following. All numbers are decimal, everything is numbered starting from zero, and all addresses are memory
Give reasons that the page size in a virtual memory system should be neither very small nor very large.
A process references five pages, A, B, C, D, and E, in the following order: A; B; C; D; A; B; E; A; B; C; D; E Assume that the replacement algorithm is first-in-first-out and find the number of page
The following sequence of virtual page numbers is encountered in the course of execution on a computer with virtual memory: 3 4 2 6 4 7 1 3 2 6 3 5 1 2 3 Assume that a least recently used page
Briefly explain the following representations: sign magnitude, twos complement, biased.
What are the differences among positive overflow, exponent overflow, and significand overflow?
What are the basic elements of floating-point addition and subtraction?
List four alternative methods of rounding the result of a floating-point operation.
What is the difference between the twos complement representation of a number and the twos complement of a number?
If we treat 2 twos complement numbers as unsigned integers for purposes of addition, the result is correct if interpreted as a twos complement number. This is not true for multiplication. Why?
Represent the following decimal numbers in both binary sign/magnitude and twos complement using 16 bits: +512; -29.
Assume numbers are represented in 8-bit twos complement representation. Show the calculation of the following: a. 6 + 13 b. -6 + 13 c. 6 - 13 d. -6 - 13
Find the following differences using twos complement arithmetic: a. 111000 -110011 b. 11001100 - 101110 c. 111100001111 -110011110011 d. 11000011 -11101000
Is the following a valid alternative definition of overflow in twos complement arithmetic? If the exclusive-OR of the carry bits into and out of the leftmost column is 1, then there is an overflow
Given x = 0101 and y = 1010 in twos complement notation (i.e., x = 5, y = -6), compute the product p = x × y with Booth's algorithm.
Use the Booth algorithm to multiply 23 (multiplicand) by 29 (multiplier), where each number is represented using 6 bits.
Prove that the multiplication of two n-digit numbers in base B gives a product of no more than 2n digits.
The twos complement integer division algorithm described in Section 9.3 is known as the restoring method because the value in the A register must be restored following unsuccessful subtraction. A
Represent the following twos complement values in decimal: 1101011; 0101101.
Divide -145 by 13 in binary twos complement notation, using 12-bit words. Use the algorithm described in Section 9.3.
a. Consider a fixed-point representation using decimal digits, in which the implied radix point can be in any position (e.g., to the right of the least significant digit, to the right of the most
Express the following numbers in IEEE 32-bit floating-point format: a. -5 b. -6 c. -1.5 d. 384 e. 1/16 f. -1/32
The following numbers use the IEEE 32-bit floating-point format. What is the equivalent decimal value? a. 1 10000011 11000000000000000000000 b. 0 01111110 10100000000000000000000 c. 0 10000000
Consider a reduced 7-bit IEEE floating-point format, with 3 bits for the exponent and 3 bits for the significand. List all 127 values.
Express the following numbers in IBM's 32-bit floating-point format, which uses a 7-bit exponent with an implied base of 16 and an exponent bias of 64 (40 hexadecimal).A normalized floating-point
Let 5BCA0000 be a floating-point number in IBM format, expressed in hexadecimal. What is the decimal value of the number?
What would be the bias value for a. A base-2 exponent (B = 2) in a 6-bit field? b. A base-8 exponent (B = 8) in a 7-bit field?
Draw a number line similar to that in Figure 9.19b for the floating-point format of Figure 9.21b.
Another representation of binary integers that is sometimes encountered is ones complement. Positive integers are represented in the same way as sign magnitude. A negative integer is represented by
Consider a floating-point format with 8 bits for the biased exponent and 23 bits for the significand. Show the bit pattern for the following numbers in this format: a. -720 b. 0.645
The text mentions that a 32-bit format can represent a maximum of 232 different numbers. How many different numbers can be represented in the IEEE 32-bit format? Explain.
Any floating-point representation used in a computer can represent only certain real numbers exactly; all others must be approximated. If A′ is the stored value approximating the real value A, then
If A = 1.427, find the relative error if A is truncated to 1.42 and if it is rounded to 1.43.
When people speak about inaccuracy in floating-point arithmetic, they often ascribe errors to cancellation that occurs during the subtraction of nearly equal quantities. But when X and Y are
Numerical values A and B are stored in the computer as approximations A′ and B′. Neglecting any further truncation or round off errors, show that the relative error of the product is
One of the most serious errors in computer calculations occurs when two nearly equal numbers are subtracted. Consider A = 0.22288 and B = 0.22211. The computer truncates all values to four decimal

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