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physics
light and optics

College Physics 7th Edition Raymond A. Serway, Jerry S. Faughn, Chris Vuille, Charles A. Bennett - Solutions

Helium–neon laser light (A = 632.8 nm) is sent through a 0.300-mm-wide single slit. What is the width of the central maximum on a screen 1.00 m from the slit?
A beam of green light is diffracted by a slit of width 0.550 mm. The diffraction pattern forms on a wall 2.06 m beyond the slit. The distance between the positions of zero intensity on both sides of
A screen is placed 50.0 cm from a single slit, which is illuminated with 690-nm light. If the distance between the first and third minima in the diffraction pattern is 3.00 mm, what is the width of
Coherent microwaves of wavelength 5.00 cm enter a long, narrow window in a building otherwise essentially opaque to the microwaves. If the window is 36.0 cm wide, what is the distance from the
Sound with a frequency 650 Hz from a distant source passes through a doorway 1.10m wide in a sound-absorbing wall. Find the number and approximate directions of the diffraction-maximum beams radiated
Light of wavelength 587.5 nm illuminates a single slit 0.750 mm in width. (a) At what distance from the slit should a screen be located if the first minimum in the diffraction pattern is to be
A beam of laser light of wavelength 632.8 nm has a circular cross section 2.00 mm in diameter. A rectangular aperture is to be placed in the center of the beam so that, when the light falls
What If? Assume the light in Figure 38.5 strikes the single slit at an angle θ from the perpendicular direction. Show that Equation 38.1, the condition for destructive interference, must be
A diffraction pattern is formed on a screen 120 cm away from a 0.400-mm-wide slit. Monochromatic 546.1-nm light is used. Calculate the fractional intensity I / Imax at a point on the screen 4.10 mm
Coherent light of wavelength 501.5 nm is sent through two parallel slits in a large flat wall. Each slit is 0.700 /m wide. Their centers are 2.80 /m apart. The light then falls on a semi cylindrical
The pupil of a cat’s eye narrows to a vertical slit of width 0.500 mm in daylight. What is the angular resolution for horizontally separated mice? Assume that the average wavelength of the light is
Find the radius a star image forms on the retina of the eye if the aperture diameter (the pupil) at night is 0.700 cm and the length of the eye is 3.00 cm. Assume the representative wavelength of
A helium–neon laser emits light that has a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The circular aperture through which the beam emerges has a diameter of 0.500 cm. Estimate the diameter of the beam 10.0 km from
You are vacationing in a Wonderland populated by friendly elves and a cannibalistic Cyclops that devours physics students. The elves and the Cyclops look precisely alike (everyone wears loose jeans
If she is in a certain range of distances away, the viewer can resolve the separate tubes of one color but not the other. Which color is easier to resolve? The viewer’s distance must be in what
On the night of April 18, 1775, a signal was sent from the steeple of Old North Church in Boston to Paul Revere, who was 1.80 mi away: “One if by land, two if by sea.” At what minimum separation
The Impressionist painter Georges Seurat created paintings with an enormous number of dots of pure pigment, each of which was approximately 2.00 mm in diameter. The idea was to have colors such as
A binary star system in the constellation Orion has an angular interstellar separation of 1.00 x 10-5 rad. If = 500 nm, what is the smallest diameter the telescope can have to just resolve the two
A spy satellite can consist essentially of a large-diameter concave mirror forming an image on a digital-camera detector and sending the picture to a ground receiver by radio waves. In effect, it is
A circular radar antenna on a Coast Guard ship has a diameter of 2.10m and radiates at a frequency of 15.0 GHz. Two small boats are located 9.00 km away from the ship. How close together could the
Grote Reber was a pioneer in radio astronomy. He constructed a radio telescope with a 10.0-m-diameter receiving dish. What was the telescope’s angular resolution for 2.00-m radio waves?
When Mars is nearest the Earth, the distance separating the two planets is 88.6 x 106 km. Mars is viewed through a telescope whose mirror has a diameter of 30.0 cm. (a) If the wavelength of the
White light is spread out into its spectral components by a diffraction grating. If the grating has 2 000 grooves per centimeter, at what angle does red light of wavelength 640 nm appear in first
Light from an argon laser strikes a diffraction grating that has 5 310 grooves per centimeter. The central and first order principal maxima are separated by 0.488 m on a wall 1.72 m from the grating.
The hydrogen spectrum has a red line at 656 nm and a blue line at 434 nm. What are the angular separations between these two spectral lines obtained with a diffraction grating that has 4 500
A helium–neon laser (A = 632.8 nm) is used to calibrate a diffraction grating. If the first-order maximum occurs at 20.5°, what is the spacing between adjacent grooves in the grating?
Three discrete spectral lines occur at angles of 10.09°, 13.71°, and 14.77° in the first-order spectrum of a grating spectrometer. (a) If the grating has 3 660 slits/cm, what are the wavelengths
Show that, whenever white light is passed through a diffraction grating of any spacing size, the violet end of the continuous visible spectrum in third order always overlaps with red light at the
A diffraction grating of width 4.00 cm has been ruled with 3 000 grooves/cm. (a) What is the resolving power of this grating in the first three orders? (b) If two monochromatic waves incident on
The laser in a CD player must precisely follow the spiral track, along which the distance between one loop of the spiral and the next is only about 1.25 /m. A feedback mechanism lets the player know
A source emits 531.62-nm and 531.81-nm light. (a) What minimum number of grooves is required for a grating that resolves the two wavelengths in the first-order spectrum? (b) Determine the slit
A diffraction grating has 4 200 rulings/cm. On a screen 2.00 m from the grating, it is found that for a particular order m, the maxima corresponding to two closely spaced wavelengths of sodium (589.0
A grating with 250 grooves/mm is used with an incandescent light source. Assume the visible spectrum to range in wavelength from 400 to 700 nm. In how many orders can one see? (a) The entire
A wide beam of laser light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm is directed through several narrow parallel slits, separated by 1.20 mm, and falls on a sheet of photographic film 1.40 m away. The exposure
Potassium iodide (KI) has the same crystalline structure as NaCl, with atomic planes separated by 0.353 nm. A monochromatic x-ray beam shows first-order diffraction maximum when the grazing angle is
A wavelength of 0.129 nm characterizes K2 x-rays from zinc. When a beam of these x-rays is incident on the surface of a crystal whose structure is similar to that of NaCl, a first-order maximum is
The first-order diffraction maximum is observed at 12.6° for a crystal in which the interplanar spacing is 0.240 nm. How many other orders can be observed?
In water of uniform depth, a wide pier is supported on pilings in several parallel rows 2.80 m apart. Ocean waves of uniform wavelength roll in, moving in a direction that makes an angle of 80.0°
Does your bathroom mirror show you older or younger than you actually are? Compute an order-of-magnitude estimate for the age difference, based on data that you specify.
In a church choir loft, two parallel walls are 5.30 m apart. The singers stand against the north wall. The organist faces the south wall, sitting 0.800 m away from it. To enable her to see the choir,
Determine the minimum height of a vertical flat mirror in which a person 5`10”. In height can see his or her full image. (A ray diagram would be helpful.)
Two flat mirrors have their reflecting surfaces facing each other, with the edge of one mirror in contact with an edge of the other, so that the angle between the mirrors is a. When an object is
A person walks into a room with two flat mirrors on opposite walls, which produce multiple images. When the person is located 5.00 ft from the mirror on the left wall and 10.0 ft from the mirror on
A periscope (Figure P36.6) is useful for viewing objects that cannot be seen directly. It finds use in submarines and in watching golf matches or parades from behind a crowd of people. Suppose that
A concave spherical mirror has a radius of curvature of 20.0 cm. Find the location of the image for object distances of (a) 40.0 cm, (b) 20.0 cm, and (c) 10.0 cm. For each case, state whether
At an intersection of hospital hallways, a convex mirror is mounted high on a wall to help people avoid collisions. The mirror has a radius of curvature of 0.550 m. Locate and describes the image of
A spherical convex mirror has a radius of curvature with a magnitude of 40.0 cm. Determine the position of the virtual image and the magnification for object distances of (a) 30.0 cm and (b) 60.0
A large church has a niche in one wall. On the floor plan it appears as a semicircular indentation of radius 2.50 m. A worshiper stands on the center line of the niche, 2.00 m out from its deepest
A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 60.0 cm. Calculate the image position and magnification of an object placed in front of the mirror at distances of (a) 90.0 cm and (b) 20.0 cm. (c)
A concave mirror has a focal length of 40.0 cm. Determine the object position for which the resulting image is upright and four times the size of the object.
A certain Christmas tree ornament is a silver sphere having a diameter of 8.50 cm. Determine an object location for which the size of the reflected image is three-fourths the size of the object. Use
(a) A concave mirror forms an inverted image four times larger than the object. Find the focal length of the mirror, assuming the distance between object and image is 0.600 m. (b) A convex mirror
To fit a contact lens to a patient’s eye, a keratometer can be used to measure the curvature of the front surface of the eye, the cornea. This instrument places an illuminated object of known size
An object 10.0 cm tall is placed at the zero mark of a meter stick. A spherical mirror located at some point on the meter stick creates an image of the object that is upright, 4.00 cm tall, and
A spherical mirror is to be used to form, on a screen located 5.00m from the object, an image five times the size of the object. (a) Describe the type of mirror required. (b) Where should the
A dedicated sports car enthusiast polishes the inside and outside surfaces of a hubcap that is a section of a sphere. When she looks into one side of the hubcap, she sees an image of her face 30.0 cm
You unconsciously estimate the distance to an object from the angle it subtends in your field of view. This angle θ in radians is related to the linear height of the object h and to the
A ball is dropped at t = 0 from rest 3.00 m directly above the vertex of a concave mirror that has a radius of curvature of 1.00m and lies in a horizontal plane. (a) Describe the motion of the
A cubical block of ice 50.0 cm on a side is placed on a level floor over a speck of dust. Find the location of the image of the speck as viewed from above. The index of refraction of ice is 1.309.
A flint glass plate (n = 1.66) rests on the bottom of an aquarium tank. The plate is 8.00 cm thick (vertical dimension) and is covered with a layer of water (n = 1.33) 12.0 cm deep. Calculate the
A glass sphere (n = 1.50) with a radius of 15.0 cm has a tiny air bubble 5.00 cm above its center. The sphere is viewed looking down along the extended radius containing the bubble. What is the
A simple model of the human eye ignores its lens entirely. Most of what the eye does to light happens at the outer surface of the transparent cornea. Assume that this surface has a radius of
One end of a long glass rod (n = 1.50) is formed into a convex surface with a radius of curvature of 6.00 cm. An object is located in air along the axis of the rod. Find the image positions
A transparent sphere of unknown composition is observed to form an image of the Sun on the surface of the sphere opposite the Sun. What is the refractive index of the sphere material?
A goldfish is swimming at 2.00 cm/s toward the front wall of a rectangular aquarium. What is the apparent speed of the fish measured by an observer looking in from outside the front wall of the tank?
A contact lens is made of plastic with an index of refraction of 1.50. The lens has an outer radius of curvature of +2.00 cm and an inner radius of curvature of +2.50 cm. What is the focal length of
The left face of a biconvex lens has a radius of curvature of magnitude 12.0 cm, and the right face has a radius of curvature of magnitude 18.0 cm. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.44. (a)
A converging lens has a focal length of 20.0 cm. Locate the image for object distances of (a) 40.0 cm, (b) 20.0 cm, and (c) 10.0 cm. For each case, state whether the image is real or virtual and
A thin lens has a focal length of 25.0 cm. Locate and describes the image when the object is placed (a) 26.0 cm and (b) 24.0 cm in front of the lens
An object located 32.0 cm in front of a lens forms an image on a screen 8.00 cm behind the lens. (a) Find the focal length of the lens. (b) Determine the magnification. (c) Is the lens
The nickel€™s image in Figure P36.33 has twice the diameter of the nickel and is 2.84 cm from the lens. Determine the focal length of the lens.
A person looks at a gem with a jeweler’s loupe—a converging lens that has a focal length of 12.5 cm. The loupe forms a virtual image 30.0 cm from the lens. (a) Determine the magnification. Is
Suppose an object has thickness dp so that it extends from object distance p to p + dp. Prove that the thickness dq of its image is given by (-q2/p2)dp, so that the longitudinal magnification dq/dp =
The projection lens in a certain slide projector is a single thin lens. A slide 24.0 mm high is to be projected so that its image fills a screen 1.80 m high. The slide-to-screen distance is 3.00 m.
An object is located 20.0 cm to the left of a diverging lens having a focal length f = -32.0 cm. Determine (a) The location and (b) The magnification of the image. (c) Construct a ray diagram
An antelope is at a distance of 20.0 m from a converging lens of focal length 30.0 cm. The lens forms an image of the animal. If the antelope runs away from the lens at a speed of 5.00 m/s, how fast
In some types of optical spectroscopy, such as photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy, a laser beam exits from a pupil and is focused on a sample to stimulate electromagnetic radiation from the
Figure P36.40 shows a thin glass (n = 1.50) converging lens for which the radii of curvature are R1 = 15.0 cm and R2 = -12.0 cm. To the left of the lens is a cube having a face area of 100 cm2. The
An object is at a distance d to the left of a flat screen. A converging lens with focal length f < d/4 is placed between object and screen. (a) Show that two lens positions exist that form an image
Figure 36.36 diagrams a cross section of a camera. It has a single lens of focal length 65.0 mm, which is to form an image on the film at the back of the camera. Suppose the position of the lens has
The South American capybara is the largest rodent on Earth; its body can be 1.20 m long. The smallest rodent is the pygmy mouse found in Texas, with an average body length of 3.60 cm. Assume that a
The magnitudes of the radii of curvature are 32.5 cm and 42.5 cm for the two faces of a biconcave lens. The glass has index of refraction 1.53 for violet light and 1.51 for red light. For a very
Two rays traveling parallel to the principal axis strike a large plano-convex lens having a refractive index of 1.60 (Fig. P36.45). If the convex face is spherical, a ray near the edge does not pass
A camera is being used with a correct exposure at f/4 and a shutter speed of (1/16) s. In order to photograph a rapidly moving subject, the shutter speed is changed to (1/128) s. Find the new f
A nearsighted person cannot see objects clearly beyond 25.0 cm (her far point). If she has no astigmatism and contact lenses are prescribed for her, what power and type of lens are required to
The accommodation limits for Nearsighted Nick’s eyes are 18.0 cm and 80.0 cm. When he wears his glasses, he can see faraway objects clearly. At what minimum distance is he able to see objects
A person sees clearly when he wears eyeglasses that have a power of -4.00 diopters and sit 2.00 cm in front of his eyes. If the person wants to switch to contact lenses, which are placed directly on
A lens that has a focal length of 5.00 cm is used as a magnifying glass. (a) To obtain maximum magnification, where should the object be placed? (b) What is the magnification?
The distance between eyepiece and objective lens in a certain compound microscope is 23.0 cm. The focal length of the eyepiece is 2.50 cm, and that of the objective is 0.400 cm. What is the overall
The desired overall magnification of a compound microscope is 140/. The objective alone produces a lateral magnification of 12.0X. Determine the required focal length of the eyepiece.
The Yerkes refracting telescope has a 1.00-m diameter objective lens of focal length 20.0 m. Assume it is used with an eyepiece of focal length 2.50 cm. (a) Determine the magnification of the
Astronomers often take photographs with the objective lens or mirror of a telescope alone, without an eyepiece. (a) Show that the image size h` for this telescope is given by h` = f h/ (f - p) where
Galileo devised a simple terrestrial telescope that produces an upright image. It consists of a converging objective lens and a diverging eyepiece at opposite ends of the telescope tube. For distant
A certain telescope has an objective mirror with an aperture diameter of 200 mm and a focal length of 2 000 mm. It captures the image of a nebula on photographic film at its prime focus with an
The distance between an object and its upright image is 20.0 cm. If the magnification is 0.500, what is the focal length of the lens that is being used to form the image?
The distance between an object and its upright image is d. If the magnification is M, what is the focal length of the lens that is being used to form the image?
Your friend needs glasses with diverging lenses of focal length - 65.0 cm for both eyes. You tell him he looks good when he doesn’t squint, but he is worried about how thick the lenses will be.
A cylindrical rod of glass with index of refraction 1.50 is immersed in water with index 1.33. The diameter of the rod is 9.00 cm. The outer part of each end of the rod has been ground away to form
A zoom lens system is a combination of lenses that produces a variable magnification while maintaining fixed object and image positions. The magnification is varied by moving one or more lenses along
The object in Figure P36.62 is midway between the lens and the mirror. The mirror€™s radius of curvature is 20.0 cm, and the lens has a focal length of -16.7 cm.Considering only the light

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