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Q: Helium–neon laser light (A = 632.8 nm) is sent through a 0.300-mm-wide single slit. What is the width of the central maximum on a screen 1.00 m
Q: A beam of green light is diffracted by a slit of width 0.550 mm. The diffraction pattern forms on a wall 2.06 m beyond the slit. The distance between
Q: A screen is placed 50.0 cm from a single slit, which is illuminated with 690-nm light. If the distance between the first and third minima in the
Q: Coherent microwaves of wavelength 5.00 cm enter a long, narrow window in a building otherwise essentially opaque to the microwaves. If the window is
Q: Sound with a frequency 650 Hz from a distant source passes through a doorway 1.10m wide in a sound-absorbing wall. Find the number and approximate
Q: Light of wavelength 587.5 nm illuminates a single slit 0.750 mm in width. (a) At what distance from the slit should a screen be located if the
Q: A beam of laser light of wavelength 632.8 nm has a circular cross section 2.00 mm in diameter. A rectangular aperture is to be placed in the center
Q: What If? Assume the light in Figure 38.5 strikes the single slit at an angle θ from the perpendicular direction. Show that Equation 38.1, the
Q: A diffraction pattern is formed on a screen 120 cm away from a 0.400-mm-wide slit. Monochromatic 546.1-nm light is used. Calculate the fractional
Q: Coherent light of wavelength 501.5 nm is sent through two parallel slits in a large flat wall. Each slit is 0.700 /m wide. Their centers are 2.80 /m
Q: The pupil of a cat’s eye narrows to a vertical slit of width 0.500 mm in daylight. What is the angular resolution for horizontally separated mice?
Q: Find the radius a star image forms on the retina of the eye if the aperture diameter (the pupil) at night is 0.700 cm and the length of the eye is
Q: A helium–neon laser emits light that has a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The circular aperture through which the beam emerges has a diameter of 0.500 cm.
Q: You are vacationing in a Wonderland populated by friendly elves and a cannibalistic Cyclops that devours physics students. The elves and the Cyclops
Q: If she is in a certain range of distances away, the viewer can resolve the separate tubes of one color but not the other. Which color is easier to
Q: On the night of April 18, 1775, a signal was sent from the steeple of Old North Church in Boston to Paul Revere, who was 1.80 mi away: “One if by
Q: The Impressionist painter Georges Seurat created paintings with an enormous number of dots of pure pigment, each of which was approximately 2.00 mm
Q: A binary star system in the constellation Orion has an angular interstellar separation of 1.00 x 10-5 rad. If = 500 nm, what is the smallest diameter
Q: A spy satellite can consist essentially of a large-diameter concave mirror forming an image on a digital-camera detector and sending the picture to a
Q: A circular radar antenna on a Coast Guard ship has a diameter of 2.10m and radiates at a frequency of 15.0 GHz. Two small boats are located 9.00 km
Q: Grote Reber was a pioneer in radio astronomy. He constructed a radio telescope with a 10.0-m-diameter receiving dish. What was the telescope’s
Q: When Mars is nearest the Earth, the distance separating the two planets is 88.6 x 106 km. Mars is viewed through a telescope whose mirror has a
Q: White light is spread out into its spectral components by a diffraction grating. If the grating has 2 000 grooves per centimeter, at what angle does
Q: Light from an argon laser strikes a diffraction grating that has 5 310 grooves per centimeter. The central and first order principal maxima are
Q: The hydrogen spectrum has a red line at 656 nm and a blue line at 434 nm. What are the angular separations between these two spectral lines obtained
Q: A helium–neon laser (A = 632.8 nm) is used to calibrate a diffraction grating. If the first-order maximum occurs at 20.5°, what is the spacing
Q: Three discrete spectral lines occur at angles of 10.09°, 13.71°, and 14.77° in the first-order spectrum of a grating spectrometer. (a) If the
Q: Show that, whenever white light is passed through a diffraction grating of any spacing size, the violet end of the continuous visible spectrum in
Q: A diffraction grating of width 4.00 cm has been ruled with 3 000 grooves/cm. (a) What is the resolving power of this grating in the first three
Q: The laser in a CD player must precisely follow the spiral track, along which the distance between one loop of the spiral and the next is only about
Q: A source emits 531.62-nm and 531.81-nm light. (a) What minimum number of grooves is required for a grating that resolves the two wavelengths in the
Q: A diffraction grating has 4 200 rulings/cm. On a screen 2.00 m from the grating, it is found that for a particular order m, the maxima corresponding
Q: A grating with 250 grooves/mm is used with an incandescent light source. Assume the visible spectrum to range in wavelength from 400 to 700 nm. In
Q: A wide beam of laser light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm is directed through several narrow parallel slits, separated by 1.20 mm, and falls on a
Q: Potassium iodide (KI) has the same crystalline structure as NaCl, with atomic planes separated by 0.353 nm. A monochromatic x-ray beam shows
Q: A wavelength of 0.129 nm characterizes K2 x-rays from zinc. When a beam of these x-rays is incident on the surface of a crystal whose structure is
Q: The first-order diffraction maximum is observed at 12.6° for a crystal in which the interplanar spacing is 0.240 nm. How many other orders can be
Q: In water of uniform depth, a wide pier is supported on pilings in several parallel rows 2.80 m apart. Ocean waves of uniform wavelength roll in,
Q: Does your bathroom mirror show you older or younger than you actually are? Compute an order-of-magnitude estimate for the age difference, based on
Q: In a church choir loft, two parallel walls are 5.30 m apart. The singers stand against the north wall. The organist faces the south wall, sitting
Q: Determine the minimum height of a vertical flat mirror in which a person 5`10”. In height can see his or her full image. (A ray diagram would be
Q: Two flat mirrors have their reflecting surfaces facing each other, with the edge of one mirror in contact with an edge of the other, so that the
Q: A person walks into a room with two flat mirrors on opposite walls, which produce multiple images. When the person is located 5.00 ft from the mirror
Q: A periscope (Figure P36.6) is useful for viewing objects that cannot be seen directly. It finds use in submarines and in watching golf matches or
Q: A concave spherical mirror has a radius of curvature of 20.0 cm. Find the location of the image for object distances of (a) 40.0 cm, (b) 20.0 cm,
Q: At an intersection of hospital hallways, a convex mirror is mounted high on a wall to help people avoid collisions. The mirror has a radius of
Q: A spherical convex mirror has a radius of curvature with a magnitude of 40.0 cm. Determine the position of the virtual image and the magnification
Q: A large church has a niche in one wall. On the floor plan it appears as a semicircular indentation of radius 2.50 m. A worshiper stands on the center
Q: A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 60.0 cm. Calculate the image position and magnification of an object placed in front of the mirror at
Q: A concave mirror has a focal length of 40.0 cm. Determine the object position for which the resulting image is upright and four times the size of the
Q: A certain Christmas tree ornament is a silver sphere having a diameter of 8.50 cm. Determine an object location for which the size of the reflected
Q: (a) A concave mirror forms an inverted image four times larger than the object. Find the focal length of the mirror, assuming the distance between
Q: To fit a contact lens to a patient’s eye, a keratometer can be used to measure the curvature of the front surface of the eye, the cornea. This
Q: An object 10.0 cm tall is placed at the zero mark of a meter stick. A spherical mirror located at some point on the meter stick creates an image of
Q: A spherical mirror is to be used to form, on a screen located 5.00m from the object, an image five times the size of the object. (a) Describe the
Q: A dedicated sports car enthusiast polishes the inside and outside surfaces of a hubcap that is a section of a sphere. When she looks into one side of
Q: You unconsciously estimate the distance to an object from the angle it subtends in your field of view. This angle θ in radians is related to
Q: A ball is dropped at t = 0 from rest 3.00 m directly above the vertex of a concave mirror that has a radius of curvature of 1.00m and lies in a
Q: A cubical block of ice 50.0 cm on a side is placed on a level floor over a speck of dust. Find the location of the image of the speck as viewed from
Q: A flint glass plate (n = 1.66) rests on the bottom of an aquarium tank. The plate is 8.00 cm thick (vertical dimension) and is covered with a layer
Q: A glass sphere (n = 1.50) with a radius of 15.0 cm has a tiny air bubble 5.00 cm above its center. The sphere is viewed looking down along the
Q: A simple model of the human eye ignores its lens entirely. Most of what the eye does to light happens at the outer surface of the transparent cornea.
Q: One end of a long glass rod (n = 1.50) is formed into a convex surface with a radius of curvature of 6.00 cm. An object is located in air along the
Q: A transparent sphere of unknown composition is observed to form an image of the Sun on the surface of the sphere opposite the Sun. What is the
Q: A goldfish is swimming at 2.00 cm/s toward the front wall of a rectangular aquarium. What is the apparent speed of the fish measured by an observer
Q: A contact lens is made of plastic with an index of refraction of 1.50. The lens has an outer radius of curvature of +2.00 cm and an inner radius of
Q: The left face of a biconvex lens has a radius of curvature of magnitude 12.0 cm, and the right face has a radius of curvature of magnitude 18.0 cm.
Q: A converging lens has a focal length of 20.0 cm. Locate the image for object distances of (a) 40.0 cm, (b) 20.0 cm, and (c) 10.0 cm. For each
Q: A thin lens has a focal length of 25.0 cm. Locate and describes the image when the object is placed (a) 26.0 cm and (b) 24.0 cm in front of the
Q: An object located 32.0 cm in front of a lens forms an image on a screen 8.00 cm behind the lens. (a) Find the focal length of the lens. (b)
Q: The nickel’s image in Figure P36.33 has twice the diameter of the nickel and is 2.84 cm from the lens. Determine the focal length
Q: A person looks at a gem with a jeweler’s loupe—a converging lens that has a focal length of 12.5 cm. The loupe forms a virtual image 30.0 cm from
Q: Suppose an object has thickness dp so that it extends from object distance p to p + dp. Prove that the thickness dq of its image is given by
Q: The projection lens in a certain slide projector is a single thin lens. A slide 24.0 mm high is to be projected so that its image fills a screen 1.80
Q: An object is located 20.0 cm to the left of a diverging lens having a focal length f = -32.0 cm. Determine (a) The location and (b) The
Q: An antelope is at a distance of 20.0 m from a converging lens of focal length 30.0 cm. The lens forms an image of the animal. If the antelope runs
Q: In some types of optical spectroscopy, such as photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy, a laser beam exits from a pupil and is focused on a sample
Q: Figure P36.40 shows a thin glass (n = 1.50) converging lens for which the radii of curvature are R1 = 15.0 cm and R2 = -12.0 cm. To the left of the
Q: An object is at a distance d to the left of a flat screen. A converging lens with focal length f < d/4 is placed between object and screen. (a)
Q: Figure 36.36 diagrams a cross section of a camera. It has a single lens of focal length 65.0 mm, which is to form an image on the film at the back of
Q: The South American capybara is the largest rodent on Earth; its body can be 1.20 m long. The smallest rodent is the pygmy mouse found in Texas, with
Q: The magnitudes of the radii of curvature are 32.5 cm and 42.5 cm for the two faces of a biconcave lens. The glass has index of refraction 1.53 for
Q: Two rays traveling parallel to the principal axis strike a large plano-convex lens having a refractive index of 1.60 (Fig. P36.45). If the convex
Q: A camera is being used with a correct exposure at f/4 and a shutter speed of (1/16) s. In order to photograph a rapidly moving subject, the shutter
Q: A nearsighted person cannot see objects clearly beyond 25.0 cm (her far point). If she has no astigmatism and contact lenses are prescribed for her,
Q: The accommodation limits for Nearsighted Nick’s eyes are 18.0 cm and 80.0 cm. When he wears his glasses, he can see faraway objects clearly. At
Q: A person sees clearly when he wears eyeglasses that have a power of -4.00 diopters and sit 2.00 cm in front of his eyes. If the person wants to
Q: A lens that has a focal length of 5.00 cm is used as a magnifying glass. (a) To obtain maximum magnification, where should the object be placed?
Q: The distance between eyepiece and objective lens in a certain compound microscope is 23.0 cm. The focal length of the eyepiece is 2.50 cm, and that
Q: The desired overall magnification of a compound microscope is 140/. The objective alone produces a lateral magnification of 12.0X. Determine the
Q: The Yerkes refracting telescope has a 1.00-m diameter objective lens of focal length 20.0 m. Assume it is used with an eyepiece of focal length 2.50
Q: Astronomers often take photographs with the objective lens or mirror of a telescope alone, without an eyepiece. (a) Show that the image size h` for
Q: Galileo devised a simple terrestrial telescope that produces an upright image. It consists of a converging objective lens and a diverging eyepiece at
Q: A certain telescope has an objective mirror with an aperture diameter of 200 mm and a focal length of 2 000 mm. It captures the image of a nebula on
Q: The distance between an object and its upright image is 20.0 cm. If the magnification is 0.500, what is the focal length of the lens that is being
Q: The distance between an object and its upright image is d. If the magnification is M, what is the focal length of the lens that is being used to form
Q: Your friend needs glasses with diverging lenses of focal length - 65.0 cm for both eyes. You tell him he looks good when he doesn’t squint, but he
Q: A cylindrical rod of glass with index of refraction 1.50 is immersed in water with index 1.33. The diameter of the rod is 9.00 cm. The outer part of
Q: A zoom lens system is a combination of lenses that produces a variable magnification while maintaining fixed object and image positions. The
Q: The object in Figure P36.62 is midway between the lens and the mirror. The mirror’s radius of curvature is 20.0 cm, and the lens
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