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physics
mechanics

Conceptual Physics 11th edition Paul G. Hewitt - Solutions

Why does sitting closest to the center of a vehicle provide the most comfortable ride in a bus traveling on a bumpy road, in a ship in a choppy sea, or in an airplane in turbulent air?
Why is the wobbly motion of a single star an indication that the star has one or more planets orbiting around it?
Why is it easier to carry the same amount of water in two buckets, one in each hand, than in a single bucket?
A large wheel is coupled to a wheel with half the diameter, as shown. How does the rotational speed of the smaller wheel compare with that of the larger wheel? How do the tangential speeds at the rims compare (assuming the belt doesn't slip)?
Nobody at the playground wants to play with the obnoxious boy, so he fashions a seesaw as shown so he can play with himself only. Explain how this is done.
Using the ideas of torque and center of gravity, explain why a ball rolls down a hill.
Why is it important to secure file cabinets to the floor, especially cabinets with heavy loads in top drawers?
How can the three bricks be stacked so that the top brick has maximum horizontal displacement from the bottom brick? For example, stacking them like the dotted lines suggest would be unstable and the bricks would topple.
Describe the comparative stabilities of the three objects shown in terms of work and potential energy.
The centers of gravity of the three trucks parked on a hill are shown by the Xs. Which truck(s) will tip over?
A long track balanced like a seesaw supports a golf ball and a more massive billiard ball with a compressed spring between the two. When the spring is released, the balls move away from each other. Does the track tip clockwise, tip counterclockwise, or remain in balance as the balls roll outward?
When a long-range cannonball is fired toward the equator from a northern (or southern) latitude, it lands west of its "intended" longitude. Why?
When you are in the front passenger seat of a car turning to the left, you may find yourself pressed against the right-side door. Why do you press against the door? Why does the door press on you? Does your explanation involve a centrifugal force, or Newton's laws?
Friction is needed for a car rounding a curve. But, if the road is banked, friction may not be required at all. What, then, supplies the needed centripetal force?
The occupant inside a rotating space habitat of the future feels that she is being pulled by artificial gravity against the outer wall of the habitat (which becomes the "floor"). Explain what is going on in terms of Newton's laws and centripetal force.
The sketch shows a coin at the edge of a turntable. The weight of the coin is shown by the vector W. Two other forces act on the coin-the normal force and a force of friction that prevents it from sliding off the edge. Draw in force vectors for both of these.
The sketch shows a conical pendulum. The bob swings in a circular path. The tension T and weight W are shown by vectors. Draw a parallelogram with these vectors and show that their resultant lies in the plane of the circle. (See the parallelogram rule in Chapter 5.) What is the name of this
A motorcyclist is able to ride on the vertical wall of a bowl-shaped track as shown. Friction of the wall on the tires is shown by the vertical red vector.(a) How does the magnitude of this vertical vector compare with the weight of the motorcycle and rider?(b) Does the horizontal red vector
Consider a ball rolling around in a circular path on the inner surface of a cone. The weight of the ball is shown by the vector W. Without friction, only one other force acts on the ball-a normal force.(a) Draw in the vector for the normal force. (The length of the vector depends on the next step,
You sit at the middle of a large turntable at an amusement park as it is set spinning and then allowed to spin freely. When you crawl toward the edge of the turntable, does the rate of the rotation increase, decrease, or remains unchanged? What physics principle supports your answer?
A sizable quantity of soil is washed down the Mississippi River and deposited in the Gulf of Mexico each year. What effect does this tend to have on the length of a day?
Strictly speaking, as more and more skyscrapers are built on the surface of Earth, does the day tend to become longer or shorter? And, strictly speaking, does the falling of autumn leaves tend to lengthen or shorten the 24-hour day? What physics principle supports your answers?
Why does a typical small helicopter with a single main rotor have a second small rotor on its tail? Describe the consequence if the small rotor fails in flight.
A toy train is initially at rest on a track fastened to a bicycle wheel, which is free to rotate. How does the wheel respond when the train moves clockwise? When the train backs up? Does the angular momentum of the wheel-train system change during these maneuvers? How would the resulting motions be
We believe that our galaxy was formed from a huge cloud of gas. The original cloud was far larger than the present size of the galaxy, was more or less spherical, and was rotating very much more slowly than the galaxy is now. In this sketch, we see the original cloud and the galaxy as it is now
The wheels of railroad trains are tapered, a feature especially important on curves. How, if at all, does the amount of taper relate to the curving of the tracks?
Earth is not spherical but bulges at the equator. Jupiter bulges more. What is the cause of these bulges?
The front wheels of a racing vehicle are located far out in front to help keep the vehicle from nosing upward when it accelerates. What physics concepts play a role here?
To tighten a bolt, you push with a force of 80 N at the end of a wrench handle that is 0.25 m from the axis of the bolt. (a) What torque are you exerting? (b) If you move your hand inward to be only 0.10 m from the bolt, to achieve the same torque show that you should exert 200 N of force. (c) Do
Mary Beth uses a torque feeler that consists of a meter-stick held at the 0-cm end with a weight dangling from various positions along the stick. When the stick is held horizontally, torque is produced when a 1-kg mass hangs from the 50-cm mark. How much more torque is exerted when it is hung from
An ice puck of mass m revolves on an icy surface in a circle at speed v at the end of a horizontal string of length L. The tension in the string is T.a. Write the equation for centripetal force, and substitute the values T and L appropriately. Then with a bit of elementary algebra, rearrange the
If a trapeze artist rotates once each second while sailing through the air and contracts to reduce her rotational inertia to one-third of what it was, how many rotations per second will result?
A small space telescope at the end of a tether line of length L moves at linear speed v about a central space station. a. What will be the linear speed of the telescope if the length of the line is reduced to 0.33 L? b. If the initial linear speed of the telescope is 1.0 m/s, what is its speed when
Comment on whether or not the following label on a consumer product should be cause for concern: CAUTION: The mass of this product pulls on every other mass in the universe, with an attracting force that is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
A friend says that the International Space Station shown on the cover of this book is beyond the pull of Earth's gravity. Correct your friend's misconception.
Earth and the Moon are attracted to each other by gravitational force. Does the more massive Earth attract the less massive Moon with a force that is greater, smaller, or the same as the force with which the Moon attracts Earth? (With an elastic band stretched between your thumb and forefinger,
If the Moon pulls Earth as strongly as Earth pulls the Moon, why doesn't Earth rotate around the Moon, or why don't both rotate around a point midway between them?
If Earth somehow expanded to a larger radius, with no change in mass, how would your weight be affected? How would it be affected if Earth instead shrunk?
Gravitational force acts on all bodies in proportion to their masses. Why, then, doesn't a heavy body fall faster than a light body?
A small light source located 1 m in front of a 1-m2 opening illuminates a wall behind. If the wall is 1 m behind the opening (2 m from the light source), the illuminated area covers 4 m2. How many square meters will be illuminated if the wall is 3 m from the light source? 5 m? 10 m?
The planet Jupiter is more than 300 times as massive as Earth, so it might seem that a body on the surface of Jupiter would weigh 300 times as much as on Earth. But it so happens that a body would scarcely weigh 3 times as much on the surface of Jupiter as it would on the surface of Earth. Can you
Why does a person in free fall experience weightlessness, while a person falling at terminal velocity does not?
Why do the passengers in high-altitude jet planes feel the sensation of weight while passengers in an orbiting space vehicle, such as a space shuttle, do not?
If you were in a car that drove off the edge of a cliff, why would you be momentarily weightless? Would gravity still be acting on you?
If you were in a freely falling elevator and you dropped a pencil, it would hover in front of you. Is there a force of gravity acting on the pencil? Defend your answer.
Since your weight when standing on Earth is the gravitational attraction between you and Earth, would your weight be greater if Earth gained mass? If the Sun gained mass? Why are your answers the same or different?
Explain why the following reasoning is wrong. "The Sun attracts all bodies on Earth. At midnight, when the Sun is directly below, it pulls on you in the same direction as Earth pulls on you; at noon, when the Sun is directly overhead, it pulls on you in a direction opposite to Earth's pull on you.
When will the gravitational force between you and the Sun be greater-today at noon, or tomorrow at midnight? Defend your answer.
If the mass of Earth increased, your weight would correspondingly increase. But, if the mass of the Sun increased, your weight would not be affected at all. Why?
Most people today know that the ocean tides are caused principally by the gravitational influence of the Moon, and most people therefore think that the gravitational pull of the Moon on Earth is greater than the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth. What do you think?
Why aren't high ocean tides exactly 12 hours apart?
Whenever the ocean tide is unusually high, will the following low tide be unusually low? Defend your answer in terms of "conservation of water." (If you slosh water in a tub so that it is extra deep at one end, will the other end be extra shallow?)
The Mediterranean Sea has very little sediment churned up and suspended in its waters, mainly because of the absence of any substantial ocean tides. Why do you suppose the Mediterranean Sea has practically no tides? Similarly, are there tides in the Black Sea? In the Great Salt Lake? Your county
The human body is composed mostly of water. Why does the Moon overhead cause appreciably less tidal effect in the fluid compartment of your body than a 1-kg melon held over your head?
Does the fact that one side of the Moon always faces Earth mean that the Moon rotates about its axis (like a top) or that it doesn't rotate about its axis? Defend your answer.
What would be the effect on Earth's tides if the diameter of Earth were very much larger than it is? If Earth were as it presently is, but the Moon were very much larger and had the same mass?
Exactly why do tides occur in Earth's crust and in Earth's atmosphere?
If Earth were of uniform density (same mass/volume throughout), what would the value of g be inside Earth at half its radius?
If Earth were of uniform density, would your weight increase or decrease at the bottom of a deep mine shaft? Defend your answer.
Is the force of gravity stronger on a crumpled piece of paper than on an identical piece of paper that has not been crumpled? Defend your answer.
It so happens that an actual increase in weight is found even in the deepest mine shafts. What does this tell us about how Earth's density changes with depth?
Which requires more fuel-a rocket going from Earth to the Moon or a rocket coming from the Moon to Earth? Why?
If you could somehow tunnel inside a uniform-density star, would your weight increase or decrease? If, instead, you somehow stood on the surface of a shrinking star, would your weight increase or decrease? Why are your answers different?
If our Sun shrank in size to become a black hole, show from the gravitational force equation that Earth's orbit would not be affected.
If Earth were hollow but still had the same mass and same radius, would your weight in your present location be more, less, or the same as it is now? Explain.
Some people dismiss the validity of scientific theories by saying that they are "only" theories. The law of universal gravity is a theory. Does this mean that scientists still doubt its validity? Explain.
A friend says that up above the atmosphere, in space shuttle territory, Earth's gravitational field is zero. Explain how your friend has a misconception, and use the equation for gravitational force in your explanation.
A friend says that, since Earth's gravity is so much stronger than the Moon's gravity, rocks on the Moon could be dropped to Earth. What is wrong with this assumption?
Many people mistakenly believe that the astronauts that orbit Earth are "above gravity." Calculate g for space shuttle territory, 200 km above Earth's surface. Earth's mass is 6.0 Ã— 1024 kg, and its radius is 6.38 Ã— 106 m (6380 km). Your answer is what percentage of 10
Newton's universal law of gravity tells us that F = Gm1m2/d2. Newton's second law tells us that a = Fnet/m. a. With a bit of algebraic reasoning show that your gravitational acceleration toward any planet of mass M a distance d from its center is a = GM/d2. b. How does this equation tell you
A ball is thrown upward at velocities and angles shown. From greatest to least, rank them by theira. Vertical components of velocity. b. Horizontal components of velocity. c. Accelerations when they reach the top of their paths.
A ball is tossed off the edge of a cliff with the same speed but at different angles, as shown. From greatest to least, rank thea. Initial PEs of the balls relative to the ground below. b. Initial KEs of the balls when tossed. c. KEs of the balls when hitting the ground below. d. Times of flight
The dashed lines show three circular orbits about Earth. Rank the following quantities from greatest to least.a. Their orbital speed b. Their time to orbit Earth
The positions of a satellite in elliptical orbit are indicated. Rank these quantities from greatest to least.a. Gravitational forceb. Speedc. Momentumd. KEe. PEf. Total energy (KE + PE)g. Acceleration
A friend claims that bullets fired by some high-powered rifles travel for many meters in a straight-line path before they start to fall. Another friend disputes this claim and states that all bullets from any rifle drop beneath a straight-line path a vertical distance given by 1/2gt2 and that the
For maximum range, a football should be punted at about 45° to the horizontal-somewhat less due to air drag. But punts are often kicked at angles greater than 45°. Can you think of a reason why?
When a rifle is being fired at a distant target, why isn't the barrel aligned so that it points exactly at the target?
A park ranger shoots a monkey hanging from a branch of a tree with a tranquilizing dart. The ranger aims directly at the monkey, not realizing that the dart will follow a parabolic path and thus will fall below the monkey. The monkey, however, sees the dart leave the gun and lets go of the branch
A projectile is fired straight upward at 141 m/s. How fast is it moving at the instant it reaches the top of its trajectory? Suppose that it were fired upward at 45° instead. Then its horizontal component of velocity is 100 m/s. What would be the speed of the projectile at the top of its
When you jump upward, your hang time is the time your feet are off the ground. Does hang time depend on your vertical component of velocity when you jump, your horizontal component of velocity, or both? Defend your answer.
The hang time of a basketball player who jumps a vertical distance of 2 feet (0.6 m) is about 2/3 second. What will be the hang time if the player reaches the same height while jumping 4 feet (1.2 m) horizontally?
Since the Moon is gravitationally attracted to Earth, why doesn't it simply crash into Earth?
When the space shuttle coasts in a circular orbit at constant speed about Earth, is it accelerating? If so, in what direction? If not, why not?
On which docs the speed of a circling satellite not depend: the mass of the satellite, the mass of Earth, or the distance of the satellite from Earth.
If you have ever watched the launching of an Earth satellite, you may have noticed that the rocket starts vertically upward, then departs from a vertical course and continues its climb at an angle. Why does it start vertically? Why does it not continue vertically?
If a cannonball is fired from a tall mountain, gravity changes its speed all along its trajectory. But if it is fired fast enough to go into circular orbit, gravity does not change its speed at all. Explain.
A satellite can orbit at 5 km above the Moon, but not at 5 km above Earth. Why?
In 2000-2001, NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft orbited around the 20-mile-long asteroid Eros. Was the orbital speed of this spacecraft greater or less than 8 km/s? Defend your answer.
Would the speed of a satellite in close circular orbit about Jupiter be greater than, equal to, or less than 8 km/s?
Why are satellites normally sent into orbit by firing them in an easterly direction, the direction in which Earth spins?
When a satellite in circular orbit slows, perhaps due to the firing of a "retro rocket," it ends up gaining more speed than it had initially. Why?
Of all the United States, why is Hawaii the most efficient launching site for non polar satellites?
Neglecting air resistance, could a satellite be put into orbit in a circular tunnel beneath Earth's surface? Discuss.
Why is work done by the force of gravity on a satellite when it moves from one part of an elliptical orbit to another, but not when it moves from one part of a circular orbit to another?
Can a satellite coast in a stable orbit in a plane that doesn't intersect the Earth's center? Defend your answer.
Can a satellite maintain an orbit in the plane of the Arctic Circle? Why or why not?
You read in an article about astronauts in a major magazine that "about 62 miles up, the atmosphere ends and gravity becomes very weak. ..." What error is made here?
A "geosynchronous" Earth satellite can remain nearly directly overhead in Singapore, but not in San Francisco. Why?
If a flight mechanic drops a box of tools from a high-flying jumbo jet, it crashes to Earth. In 2008 an astronaut on the orbiting space shuttle accidentally dropped a box of tools. Why did the tools not crash to Earth? Defend your answer.
A high-orbiting spaceship travels at 7 km/s with respect to Earth. Suppose it projects a capsule rearward at 7 km/s with respect to the ship. Describe the path of the capsule with respect to Earth.

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