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physics
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Conceptual Physics 11th edition Paul G. Hewitt - Solutions

What kind of images do softcopy stereo plotters require? Describe two different ways they can be obtained.
Compare an orthophoto with a conventional line and symbol map.
Discuss the advantages of orthophotos as compared to maps.
X = 8; H = 4000; f = 152.4 mm Aerial photography is to be taken of a tract of land that is X mi square. Flying height will be H ft above average terrain, and the camera has focal length f. If the focal plane opening is 9 X 9 in. and minimum sidelap is 30 percent, how many flight lines will be
Define the terms (a) metric photogrammetry and (b) interpretative photogrammetry.
X = 30; H = 10,000; f = 6 in. Aerial photography was taken at a flying height H ft above average terrain. If the camera focal plane dimensions are 9 X 9 in. the focal length is f and the spacing between adjacent flight lines is X ft, what is the percent sidelap for the data given in the Problem
S = 1:6000; X = 6; f = 152.4 mm Photographs at a scale of S are required to cover an area X mi square. The camera has a focal length f and focal plane dimensions of 9 X 9 in. If endlap is 60% and sidelap 30%, how many photos will be required to cover the area for the data given in the problem above.
S = 1:14,400; X = 40; f = 89.0 mm Photographs at a scale of S are required to cover an area X mi square. The camera has a focal length f and focal plane dimensions of 9 X 9 in. If endlap is 60% and sidelap 30%, how many photos will be required to cover the area for the data given in the problem
Describe a system that employs GPS and which can reduce or eliminate ground control surveys in photogrammetry?
To what wavelengths of electromagnetic energy is the human eye sensitive? What wavelengths produce the colors blue, green, and red?
(a) Discuss the uses and advantages of satellite imagery. (b) Problems 27.38 through 27.42 involve using Wolf Pack with images 5 and 6 on the CD that accompany this book. The ground coordinates of the paneled points are listed in the file "ground.crd." The coordinates of the fiducials are listed in
Using photo coordinates for points 4 and GYM on image 5, determine the scale of the photo.
Describe briefly how a digital camera operates.
The distance between two points on a vertical photograph is ab and the corresponding ground distance is AB. For the following data, compute the average photographic scale along the line ab. (a)* ab = 2.41 in.; AB = 4820 ft. (b) ab = 5.29 in.; AB = 13,218 ft. (c) ab = 107.389 mm; AB = 536.943 m.
On a vertical photograph of flat terrain, the scaled distance between two points is ab. Find the average photographic scale along ab if the measured length between the same line is AB on a map plotted at a scale of Smap for the following data. (a) ab = 1.47 in.; AB = 3.55 in.; Smap = 1:6000 (b) ab
What are the average scales of vertical photographs for the following data, given flying height above sea level, H, camera focal length, f, and average ground elevation h? *(a) H = 7300 ft.; f = 152.4 mm; h = 1250 ft. (b) H = 6980 ft.; f = 6.000 in.; h = 1004 ft. (c) H = 2610 m.; f = 152.4 mm; h =
The length of a football field from goal post to goal post scales 49.15 mm on a vertical photograph. Find the approximate dimensions (in meters) of a large rectangular building that also appears on this photo and whose sides measure 20.5 mm by 6.8 mm. (Hint: Football goal post are 120 yards apart.)
Describe the concept of layers in a geographic information system.
Define the term topology and discuss its importance in a GIS.
Develop identifier and topology tables similar to those of Tables 28.1 and 28.2 inthe text for the vector representation of (see the following figures):(a) Problem 28.13(a)(b) Problem 28.13(b)
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the following equipment for converting maps and other graphic data to digital form: (a) tablet digitizers and (b) scanners.
Explain the concepts of the following terms in GIS spatial analysis, and give an example illustrating the beneficial application of each: (a) adjacency; and (b) connectivity.
If data were being represented in vector format, what simple spatial objects would be associated with each of the following topological properties? (a) Connectivity (b) Direction (c) Adjacency (d) Nestedness
Discuss how spatial and non-spatial data are related in a GIS.
Describe the following GIS functions, and give two examples where each would be valuable in analysis: (a) line buffering, and (b) spatial joins.
Compile a list of data layers and attributes that would likely be included in an LIS.
Compile a list of data layers and attributes that would likely be included in a GIS for: (a) Selecting the optimum corridor for constructing a new rapid-transit system to connect two major cities. (b) Choosing the best location for a new airport in a large metropolitan area. (c) Routing a fleet of
List the fundamental components of a GIS.
Discuss the importance of metadata to a GIS.
Name and describe the different simple spatial objects used for representing graphic data in digital form. Which objects are used in raster format representations?
How many pixels are required to convert the following documents to raster form for the conditions given: (a)* A 384-in. square map scanned at 200 dpi. (b) A 9-in. square aerial photo scanned at 1200 dpi. (c) An orthophoto of 11 × 17 in. dimensions scanned at 300 dpi
Which of the following are scientific hypotheses? (a) Chlorophyll makes grass green, (b) Earth rotates about its axis because living things need an alternation of light and darkness, (c) Tides are caused by the Moon.
In answer to the question, "When a plant grows, where does the material come from?" Aristotle hypothesized by logic that all material came from the soil. Do you consider his hypothesis to be correct, incorrect, or partially correct? What experiments do you propose to support your choice?
The great philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) wrote about ideas in the early part of his life that he rejected in the latter part of his life. Do you see this as a sign of weakness or as a sign of strength in Bertrand Russell? (Do you speculate that your present ideas about
Bertrand Russell wrote, "I think we must retain the belief that scientific knowledge is one of the glories of man. I will not maintain that knowledge can never do harm. I think such general propositions can almost always be refuted by well-chosen examples. What I will maintain-and maintain
When you step from the shade into the sunlight, the Sun's heat is as evident as the heat from hot coals in a fireplace in an otherwise cold room. You feel the Sun's heat not because of its high temperature (higher temperatures can be found in some welder's torches), but because the Sun is big.
What is probably being misunderstood by a person who says, "But that's only a scientific theory"?
The shadow cast by a vertical pillar in Alexandria at noon during the summer solstice is found to be 1/8 the height of the pillar. The distance between Alexandria and Syene is 1/8 Earth's radius. Is there a geometric connection between these two 1-to-8 ratios?
If Earth were smaller than it is, but the Alexandria-to-Syene distances were the same, would the shadow of the vertical pillar in Alexandria be longer or shorter at noon during the summer solstice?
The weights of Burl, Paul, and the scaffold produce tensions in the supporting ropes. Rank the tension in the left rope, from most to least, in the three situations, A, B, and C.
Rank the net force on the block from least to most in the four situations, A, B, C, and D.
Different materials, A, B, C, and D, rest on a table.a. From greatest to least, rank them by how much they resist being set into motion.b. From greatest to least, rank them by the support (normal) force the table exerts on them.
Three pucks, A, B, and C, are shown sliding across ice at the noted speeds. Air and ice friction forces are negligible.
Why is it important that Tim pull slightly downward when he attempts to whip the cloth from beneath the dishes? (What occurs if he pulls slightly upward?)
Consider a ball at rest in the middle of a toy wagon. When the wagon is pulled forward, the ball rolls against the back of the wagon. Interpret this observation in terms of Newton's first law.
In tearing a paper towel or plastic bag from a roll, why is a sharp jerk more effective than a slow pull?
If you're in a car at rest that gets hit from behind, you can suffer a serious neck injury called whiplash. What does whiplash have to do with Newton's first law?
In terms of Newton's first law (the law of inertia), how does a car headrest help to guard against whiplash in a rear-end collision?
Why do you lurch forward in a bus that suddenly slows? Why do you lurch backward when it picks up speed? What law applies here?
Suppose that you're in a moving car and the motor stops running. You step on the brakes and slow the car to half speed. If you release your foot from the brakes, will the car speed up a bit, or will it continue at half speed and slow due to friction? Defend your answer.
When you push a cart, it moves. When you stop pushing, it comes to rest. Does this violate Newton's law of inertia? Defend your answer.
Each bone in the chain of bones forming your spine is separated from its neighbors by disks of elastic tissue. What happens, then, when you jump heavily onto your feet from an elevated position? Can you think of a reason why you are a little taller in the morning than at night?
Start a ball rolling down a bowling alley and you'll find that it moves slightly slower with time. Does this violate Newton's law of inertia? Defend your answer.
Copernicus postulated that Earth moves around the Sun (rather than the other way around), but he was troubled about the idea. What concepts of mechanics was he missing (concepts later introduced by Galileo and Newton) that would have eased his doubts?
Can an object be in mechanical equilibrium when only a single force acts on it? Explain.
When a ball is tossed straight up, it momentarily comes to a stop at the top of its path. Is it in equilibrium during this brief moment? Why or why not?
A hockey puck slides across the ice at a constant speed. Is it in equilibrium? Why or why not?
Can you say that no force acts on a body at rest? Or is it correct to say that no net force acts on it? Defend your answer.
Harry the painter swings year after year from Jr1 his bosun's chair. His weight is 500 N and the rope, unknown to him, has a breaking point of 300 N. Why doesn't the rope break when he is supported as shown at the left? One day, Harry is painting near a flagpole, and, for a change, he ties the free
Consider the normal force on a book at rest on a tabletop. If the table is tilted so that the surface forms an inclined plane, will the magnitude of the normal force change? If so, how?
When you push downward on a book at rest on a table, you feel an upward force. Does this force depend on friction? Defend your answer.
As you stand on a floor, does the floor exert an upward force against your feet? How much force does it exert? Why are you not moved upward by this force?
What Aristotelian idea did Galileo demolish with his experiments with inclined planes?
Consider a crate at rest on a factory floor. As a pair of workmen begin lifting it, does the support force on the crate provided by the floor increase, decrease, or remain unchanged? What happens to the support force on the workmen's feet?
A child learns in school that Earth is traveling faster than 100,000 kilometers per hour around the Sun and, in a frightened tone, asks why we aren't swept off. What is your explanation?
Before the time of Galileo and Newton, some learned scholars thought that a stone dropped from the top of a tall mast of a moving ship would fall vertically and hit the deck behind the mast by a distance equal to how far the ship had moved forward while the stone was falling. In light of your
Because Earth rotates once every 24 hours, the west wall in your room moves in a direction toward you at a linear speed that is probably more than 1000 kilometers per hour (the exact speed depends on your latitude). When you stand facing the wall, you are carried along at the same speed, so you
If you toss a coin straight upward while riding in a train, where does the coin land when the motion of the train is uniform along a straight-line track? When the train slows while the coin is in the air? When the train is turning?
The smokestack of a stationary toy train consists of a vertical spring gun that shoots a steel ball a meter or so straight into the air-so straight that the ball always falls back into the smokestack. Suppose the train moves at constant speed along the straight track. Do you think the ball will
Consider an airplane that flies due east on a trip, then returns flying due west. Flying in one direction, the plane flies with Earth's rotation, and in the opposite direction, against Earth's rotation. But, in the absence of winds, the times of flight are equal either way. Why is this so?
In answer to the question "What keeps Earth moving around the Sun?" a friend asserts that inertia keeps it moving. Correct your friend's erroneous assertion.
Your friend says that inertia is a force that keeps things in their place, either at rest or in motion. Do you agree? Why or why not?
The sketch shows a painter's scaffold in mechanical equilibrium. The person in the middle weighs 500 N, and the tensions in each rope are 400 N. What is the weight of the scaffold?
A different scaffold that weighs 400 N supports two painters, one 500 N and the other 400 N. The reading in the left scale is 800 N. What is the reading in the right-hand scale?
Jogging Jake runs along a train flatcar that moves at the velocities shown in positions A-D. From greatest to least, rank the velocity of Jake relative to a stationary observer on the ground. (Call the direction to the right positive.)
A ball is released at the left end of these different tracks. The tracks are bent from equal-length pieces of channel iron.a. From fastest to slowest, rank the speed of the ball at the right end of the track. b. From longest to shortest, rank the tracks in terms of the time for the ball to reach
Three balls of different masses are thrown straight upward with initial speeds as indicated.a. From fastest to slowest, rank the speeds of the balls 1 s after being thrown. b. From greatest to least, rank the accelerations of the balls 1 s after being thrown. (Or are the accelerations the same?)
Correct your friend who says, "The dragster rounded the curve at a constant velocity of 100 km/h."
Cite an example of something with a constant speed that also has a varying velocity. Can you cite an example of something with a constant velocity and a varying speed? Defend your answers.
Cite an example of something that undergoes acceleration while moving at constant speed. Can you also give an example of something that accelerates while traveling at constant velocity? Explain.
On which of these hills does the ball roll down with increasing speed and decreasing acceleration along the path? (Use this example if you wish to explain to someone the difference between speed and acceleration.)
Suppose that the three balls shown in Exercise 19 start simultaneously from the tops of the hills. Which one reaches the bottom first? Explain.
What is the acceleration of a car that moves at a steady velocity of 100 km/h for 100 s? Explain your answer.
Which is greater, an acceleration from 25 km/h to 30 km/h or one from 96 km/h to 100 km/h if both occur during the same time?
Be picky and correct your friend who says, "In free fall, air resistance is more effective in slowing a feather than a coin."
For a freely falling object dropped from rest, what is the acceleration at the end of the fifth second of fall? At the end of the tenth second of fall? Defend your answers.
When a ballplayer throws a ball straight up, by how much does the speed of the ball decrease each second while ascending? In the absence of air resistance, by how much does it increase each second while descending? How much time is required for rising compared to falling?
Someone standing at the edge of a cliff (as in Figure 3.8) throws a ball nearly straight up at a certain speed and another ball nearly straight down with the same initial speed. If air resistance is negligible, which ball will have the greater speed when it strikes the ground below?
Answer the previous question for the case where air resistance is not negligible-where air drag affects motion.
Extend Tables 3.2 and 3.3 to include times of fall of 6 to 10 s, assuming no air resistance.
One airplane travels due north at 300 km/h while another travels due south at 300 km/h. Are their speeds the same? Are their velocities the same? Explain.
Two balls are released simultaneously from rest at the left end of equal-length tracks A and B as shown. Which ball reaches the end of its track first?
Refer to the pair of tracks in Exercise 40.(a) On which track is the average speed greater?(b) Why is the speed of the ball at the end of the tracks the same?
In this chapter, we studied idealized cases of balls rolling down smooth planes and objects falling with no air resistance. Suppose a classmate complains that all this attention focused on idealized cases is worthless because idealized cases simply don't occur in the everyday world. How would you
Why does a stream of water get narrower as it falls from a faucet?
Can an object reverse its direction of travel while maintaining a constant acceleration? If so, give an example. If not, provide an explanation.
You toss a ball straight up with an initial speed of 30 m/s. How high does it go, and how long is it in the air (neglecting air resistance)?
A ball is tossed with enough speed straight up so that it is in the air several seconds,(a) What is the velocity of the ball when it reaches its highest point?(b) What is its velocity 1 s before it reaches its highest point?(c) What is the change in its velocity during this 1-s interval?(d) What is
What is the instantaneous velocity of a freely falling object 10 s after it is released from a position of rest? What is its average velocity during this 10-s interval? How far will it fall during this time?
Surprisingly, very few athletes can jump more than 2 feet (0.6 m) straight up. Use d = 1/2gt2 and solve for the time one spends moving upward in a 0.6-m vertical jump. Then double it for the "hang time"-the time one's feet are off the ground.

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