Business Statistics MCQs 1st Edition Arshad Iqbal - Solutions

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1. Explain why it may be preferable to conduct an experiment rather than an observational study to determine the relationship between two variables. Support your argument with an example concerning something of interest to you.
23. The U.S. government uses a multitude of surveys to measure opinions, behaviors, and so on. Yet, every 10 years it takes a census. What can the government learn from a census that it could not learn from a sample survey?
22. Suppose you have a telephone directory for your local college from which you randomly select 100 names. To find out how students feel about a new pub on campus, you call the 100 numbers and interview the person who answers the phone. Explain which one of the “difficulties and disasters” in
21. Suppose you had a student telephone directory for your local college and wanted to sample 100 students. Explain how you would obtain each of the following:a. A simple random sampleb. A systematic sample
20. Suppose that a gourmet food magazine wants to know how its readers feel about serving beer with various types of food. The magazine sends surveys to 1000 randomly selected readers. Explain which one of the “difficulties and disasters”in sampling the magazine is most likely to face.
19. What role does natural variability play when trying to determine the population average of a measurement variable from a sample?
18. Is using a convenience sample an example of a probability sampling plan?Explain why or why not.
17. Identify each of the following studies as a survey, an experiment, an observational study, or a case study. Explain your reasoning.a. A doctor claims to be able to cure migraine headaches. A researcher administers a questionnaire to each of the patients the doctor claims to have cured.b.
16. The student newspaper at a university in California reported a debate between two student council members, revolving around a survey of students (California Aggie, 8 November 1994, p. 3). The newspaper reported that “according to an AS [Associated Students] Survey Unit poll, 52 percent of the
14. Gastwirth (1988, p. 507) describes a court case in which Bristol-Myers was ordered by the Federal Trade Commission to stop advertising that “twice as many dentists use Ipana as any other dentifrice” and that more dentists recommended it than any other dentifrice. Bristol-Myers had based its
13. Explain why the main problem with the Literary Digest poll is described as“volunteer response” and not “volunteer sample.”
12. Explain the difference between a volunteer response and a volunteer sample.Explain which is worse, and why.
11. Despite his success in 1936, George Gallup failed miserably in trying to predict the winner of the 1948 U.S. presidential election. His organization, as well as two others, predicted that Thomas Dewey would beat incumbent Harry Truman.All three used what is called “quota sampling.” The
10. Find a newspaper or magazine article describing a survey that is obviously biased. Explain why you think it is biased.
9. Explain whether a survey or an experiment would be most appropriate to find out about each of the following:a. Who is likely to win the next presidential electionb. Whether the use of nicotine gum reduces cigarette smokingc. Whether there is a relationship between height and happinessd. Whether
8. Give an example in which:a. A sample would be preferable to a censusb. A cluster sample would be the easiest method to usec. A systematic sample would be the easiest to use and would not be biased
7. Specify the population and the sample, being sure to include both units and measurements, for the situation described in:a. Exercise 1ab. Exercise 1bc. Exercise 1cd. Exercise 1d
6. The survey in Exercise 5 has been conducted annually by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA since 1966. One of the results reported was that“Students’ disengagement from politics continues. The percentage of freshmen believing that ‘keeping up to date with political affairs’
5. An article in the Sacramento Bee (12 January 1998, p. A4) was titled “College freshmen show conservative side” and reported the results of a fall 1997 survey“based on responses from a representative sample of 252,082 full-time freshmen at 464 two- and four-year colleges and universities
4. In the March 8, 1994, edition of the Scotsman, a newspaper published in Edinburgh, Scotland, a headline read, “Reform study finds fear over schools.” The article described a survey of 200 parents who had been asked about proposed education reforms and indicated that most parents felt
3. Construct an example in which a systematic sampling plan would result in a biased sample.
2. Explain the difference between a proportion and a percentage as used to present the results of a sample survey.
1. For each of the following situations, state which type of sampling plan was used. Explain whether you think the sampling plan would result in a biased sample.a. To survey the opinions of its customers, an airline company made a list of all its flights and randomly selected 25 flights. All of the
2. Design a survey with three questions to measure attitudes toward something of interest to you. Now design a new version by changing just a few words in each question to make it deliberately biased. Choose 20 people to whom you will administer the survey. Put their names in a hat (or a box or a
1. Measure the heights of five males and five females. Draw a line to scale, starting at the lowest height in your group and ending at the highest height, and mark each male with an M and each female with an F. It should look something like this:F F M FMF F MM M 5' 6'2"Explain exactly how you
21. Airlines compute the percentage of flights that are on time to be the percentage that arrive no later than 15 minutes after their scheduled arrival time. Is this a valid measure of on-time performance? Is it a reliable measure? Explain.
20. Give an example of a characteristic that could be measured as either a discrete or a continuous variable, depending on the types of units used.
19. Suppose you were to compare two routes to school or work by timing yourself on each route for five days. Suppose the times on one route were (in minutes)10, 12, 13, 15, 20, and on the other route they were 10, 15, 16, 18, 21.a. The average times for the two routes are 14 minutes and 16 minutes.
18. Explain the difference between a discrete variable and a categorical variable.Give an example of each type.
17. Give three versions of a question to determine whether people think smoking should be banned on all airline flights. Word the question to be as follows:a. As unbiased as possibleb. Likely to get people to respond that smoking should be forbiddenc. Likely to get people to respond that smoking
16. Sometimes medical tests, such as those for detecting HIV, are so sensitive that people do not want to give their names when they take the test. Instead, they are given a number or code, which they use to obtain their results later. Is this procedure anonymous testing or is it confidential
15. In February 1998, U.S. president Bill Clinton was under investigation for allegedly having had an extramarital affair. A Gallup Poll asked the following two questions: “Do you think most presidents have or have not had extramarital affairs while they were president?” and then “Would you
14. Give an example of two questions in which the order in which they are presented would determine whether the responses were likely to be biased.
13. Schuman and Presser (1981, p. 277) report a study in which one set of respondents was asked question A, and the other set was asked question B:A. Do you think the United States should forbid public speeches against democracy?B. Do you think the United States should allow public speeches against
12. An advertiser of a certain brand of aspirin (let’s call it Brand B) claims that it is the preferred painkiller for headaches, based on the results of a survey of headache sufferers. The choices given to respondents were: Tylenol, Extra-Strength Tylenol, Brand B aspirin, Advil.a. Is this an
11. Refer to Case Study 2.1, “Brooks Shoes Brings Flawed Study to Court.” Discuss the study conducted by Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Company in the context of the seven pitfalls that can be encountered when asking questions in a survey, listed in Section 3.2.
10. Do you think the crime statistics reported by the police are a valid measure of the amount of crime in a given city? Are they a reliable measure? Discuss.
9. In Chapter 1, we discussed Lee Salk’s experiment in which he exposed one group of infants to the sound of a heartbeat and compared their weight gain to that of a group not exposed. Do you think it would be easier to discover a difference in weight gain between the group exposed to the
8. If we were interested in knowing whether the average price of homes in a certain county had gone up or down this year in comparison with last year, would we be more interested in having a valid measure or a reliable measure of sales price? Explain.
7. Specify whether each of the following measurements is discrete or continuous.If you think the measurement is ambiguous, discuss why.a. The number of floors in a buildingb. The height of a building measured as precisely as possiblec. The number of words in this bookd. The weight of this book
6. Specify whether each of the following is a categorical or measurement variable.If you think the variable is ambiguous, discuss why.a. Years of formal educationb. Highest level of education completed (grade school, high school, college, higher than college)c. Brand of car ownedd. Price paid for
5. Refer to Question 4. Reword each question so it avoids the seven pitfalls.
4. Explain which (one or more) of the seven pitfalls listed in Section 3.2 applies to each of the following potential survey questions:a. Do you support banning prayers in schools so that teachers have more time to spend teaching?b. Do you agree that marijuana should be legal?c. Studies have shown
3. Give an example of a survey question that is:a. Most appropriately asked as an open questionb. Most appropriately asked as a closed question
2. Give an example of a survey question that is:a. Deliberately biasedb. Unintentionally biasedc. Unnecessarily complexd. Likely to cause respondents to lie
1. Give an example of a measure that is:a. Valid and categoricalb. Reliable but biasedc. Unbiased but not reliable
3. Find an example of a statistical study reported in the news for which information about one of the Seven Critical Components is missing. Write two hypothetical reports addressing the missing component that would lead you to two different conclusions about the applicability of the results of the
2. Explain how you would design and carry out a study to find out how students at your school feel about an issue of interest to you. Be explicit enough that someone would actually be able to follow your instructions and implement the study.Be sure to consider each of the Seven Critical Components
1. Scientists publish their findings in technical magazines called journals. Most university libraries have hundreds of journals available for browsing. Find out where the medical journals are located. Browse the shelves until you find an article with a study that sounds interesting to you. (The
16. An advertisement for a cross-country ski machine, NordicTrack, claimed, “In just 12 weeks, research shows that people who used a NordicTrack lost an average of 18 pounds.” Explain how each of the following Components should have been addressed if the research results are fair and
15. Moore (1991, p. 19) reports the following contradictory evidence: “The advice columnist Ann Landers once asked her readers, ‘If you had it to do over again, would you have children? She received nearly 10,000 responses, almost 70%saying ‘No!’. . . A professional nationwide random sample
14. Holden (1991, p. 934) discusses the methods used to rank high school math performance among various countries. She notes that: “According to the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Hungary ranks near the top in 8th-grade math achievement. But by the 12th
13. Suppose a study were to find that drinking coffee raised cholesterol levels. Further, suppose you drink two cups of coffee a day and have a family history of heart problems related to high cholesterol. Which three of the Seven Critical Components would interest you most, in terms of deciding
12. Explain why news reports should give the magnitude of the claimed effects or differences from a study instead of just reporting that an effect or difference was found.
11. In most studies involving human participants, researchers are required to fully disclose the purpose of the study to the participants. Do you think people should always be informed about the purpose before they participate? Explain.
10. Suppose a study were to find that twice as many users of nicotine patches quit smoking than nonusers. Suppose you are a smoker trying to quit. Which version of an answer to each of the following Components would be more compelling evidence for you to try the nicotine patches? Explain.a.
9. Suppose a tobacco company is planning to fund a telephone survey of attitudes about banning smoking in restaurants. In each of the following phases of the survey, should the company disclose who is funding the study? Explain your answer in each case.a. When respondents answer the phone, before
8. Refer to Case Study 1.1, “Heart or Hypothalamus?” Discuss each of the following Components, including whether you think the way it was handled would detract from Salk’s conclusion:a. Component 3b. Component 4c. Component 5d. Component 6
7. Is it necessary that “data” consist of numbers? Explain.
6. Many research organizations give their interviewers an exact script to follow when conducting interviews to measure opinions on controversial issues. Why do you think they do so?
5. The student who conducted the study in “Hypothetical News Article 1” in this chapter collected two pieces of data from each participant. What were the two pieces of data?
4. According to Cynthia Crossen (1994, p. 106): “It is a poller’s business to press for an opinion whether people have one or not. ‘Don’t knows’ are worthless to pollers, whose product is opinion, not ignorance. That’s why so many polls do not even offer a ‘don’t know’
3. A prison administration wants to know whether the prisoners think the guards treat them fairly. Explain how each of the following components could be used to produce biased results, versus how each could be used to produce unbiased results:a. Component 2: The researchers who had contact with the
2. The April 24, 1997, issue of “UCDavis Lifestyle Newstips” reported that a professor of veterinary medicine was conducting a study to see if a drug called clomipramine, an anti-anxiety medication used for humans, could reduce“canine aggression toward family members.” The newsletter said,
1. Suppose that a television network wants to know how daytime television viewers feel about a new soap opera the network is broadcasting. A staff member suggests that just after the show ends they give two phone numbers, one for viewers to call if they like the show and the other to call if they
2. Find a newspaper article that discusses a recent study. Identify it as either an observational study or an experiment. Comment on how well the simple concepts discussed in this chapter have been applied in the study. Comment on whether the news article, including the headline, accurately reports
1. Design and carry out a study to test the proposition that men have lower resting pulse rates than women.
20. A newspaper headline read “Study finds walking a key to good health: Six brisk outings a month cut death risk.” Comment on what type of study you think was done and whether this is a good headline.
19. Suppose the administration at your school wants to know how students feel about a policy banning smoking on campus. Because they can’t ask all students, they must rely on a sample.a. Give an example of a sample they could choose that would not be representative of all students.b. Explain how
18. Suppose a researcher would like to determine whether one grade of gasoline produces better gas mileage than another grade. Twenty cars are randomly divided into two groups, with ten cars receiving one grade and ten receiving the other. After many trips, average mileage is computed for each
17. Suppose a study first asked people whether they meditate regularly and then measured their blood pressures. The idea would be to see if those who meditate have lower blood pressure than those who do not do so.a. Explain whether this would be an observational study or an experiment.b. If it were
16. Sometimes television news programs ask viewers to call and register their opinions about an issue. One number is to be called for a “yes” opinion and another number for a “no” vote. Do you think viewers who call are a representative sample of all viewers? Explain.
15. National polls are often conducted by asking the opinions of a few thousand adults nationwide and using them to infer the opinions of all adults in the nation. Explain who is in the sample and who is in the population for such polls.
14. Give an example of a decision in your own life, such as which route to take to school, for which you think statistics would be useful in making the decision.Explain how you could collect and process information to help make the decision.
13. Suppose you have 20 tomato plants and want to know if fertilizing them will help them produce more fruit. You randomly assign ten of them to receive fertilizer and the remaining ten to receive none. You otherwise treat the plants in an identical manner.a. Explain whether this would be an
12. Suppose the officials in the city or town where you live would like to ask questions of a “representative sample” of the adult population. Explain some of the characteristics this sample should have. For example, would it be sufficient to include only homeowners?
11. Refer to Case Study 1.3, in which two students were accused of cheating because the licensing board determined the odds of such similar answers were less than 1 in 10,000. Further investigation revealed that over 20% of all pairs of students had matches giving low odds like these (Klein, 1992,
10. Universities are sometimes ranked for prestige according to the amount of research funding their faculty members are able to obtain from outside sources.Explain why it would not be fair to simply use total dollar amounts for each university, and describe what should be used instead.
9. Suppose researchers want to know whether smoking cigars increases the risk of esophageal cancer.a. Could they conduct a randomized experiment to test this? Explain.b. If they conducted an observational study and found that cigar smokers had a higher rate of esophageal cancer than those who did
8. Suppose you have a choice of two grocery stores in your neighborhood.Because you hate waiting, you want to choose the one for which there is generally a shorter wait in the checkout line. How would you gather information to determine which one is faster? Would it be sufficient to visit each
7. A psychology department is interested in comparing two methods for teaching introductory psychology. Four hundred students plan to enroll for the course at 10:00 A.M. and another 200 plan to enroll for the course at 4:00 P.M. The registrar will allow the department to assign students to multiple
6. Refer to Case Study 1.1. When Salk measured the results, he divided the babies into three groups based on whether they had low (2510 to 3000 g), medium(3010 to 3500 g), or high (3510 g and over) birthweights. He then compared the infants from the heartbeat and silent nurseries separately within
5. “If you have borderline high blood pressure, taking magnesium supplements may help, Japanese researchers report. Blood pressure fell significantly in subjects who got 400–500 milligrams of magnesium a day for four weeks, but not in those getting a placebo” (USA Weekend, 22–24 May 1998,
4. Explain what problems arise in trying to make conclusions based on a survey mailed to the subscribers of a specialty magazine. Find or construct an example.
3. Explain why the number of people in a sample is an important factor to consider when designing a study.
2. “People who often attend cultural activities, such as movies, sports events and concerts, are more likely than their less cultured cousins to survive the next eight to nine years, even when education and income are taken into account, according to a survey by the University of Umea in
1. Explain why the relationship shown in Table 1.1, concerning the use of aspirin and heart attack rates, can be used as evidence that aspirin actually prevents heart attacks.
In kurtosis, the frequency curve which looks more peaked than normal curve of bell shaped distribution is classified as A. mega curve B. mesokurtic C. leptokurtic D. platykurtic
In statistical procedures, the skewness is used to measure the A. amount of variance B. amount of upper tail values C. amount of dispersion D. direction of dispersion
The first deciles of data is 8, ninth deciles is 12 and fifth deciles is 6 then the coefficient of skewness is A. ±2 B. ±1 C. ±3 D. ±4
The moment about mean which is considered as measure of dispersion and is equivalent to variance is called A. eighth moment B. fifth moment C. first moment D. second moment
The moment about mean which is indication of flatness of frequency curve is classified as A. third moment B. second moment C. first moment D. fourth moment
If all the values move towards one tail of a distribution then this scenario results in A. width of distribution B. height of distribution C. lengthening the tail D. shortening the tail
If the median is 12, mean is 15 and the standard deviation of data is 3 then Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness is A. 17 B. 27 C. 15 D. 3
If the values of skewness and arithmetic mean is given as 4 and 17 respectively then mode of the values is A. 68 B. 4.25 C. 21 D. 13
The coefficient of skewness by Karl Pearson, Professor Kelly and professor Bowley are considered as A. relative measure of skewness B. absolute measure of skewness C. concentrated measure of skewness D. directed measure of skewness
In moments, the alphas whose values depends on shape of frequency curve are A. alpha one and two B. alpha one and two C. alpha three and four D. alpha one and four
As compared to measures of variation, the measure of skewness is used to understand concentration of A. values around mean B. upper tail only C. lower tail only D. median coefficients
In kurtosis, the frequency curve which is also classified as normal curve is called A. mega curve B. mesokurtic C. leptokurtic D. platykurtic
The percentile and moment system are two groups of A. skewness measures B. central tendencies measures C. quartile measures D. percentile measures

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Business Statistics MCQs 1st Edition Arshad Iqbal - Solutions

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