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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 8th Edition Frederick J Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau - Solutions

1. Explain how the purpose of estimation differs from the purpose of a hypothesis nesE
24. A researcher studies the effect of a drug (MAO inhibitce) on the number of nightmares occurring in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)A sample of PTSD clients records each incident of a mightmare for 1 month before treatment. Participants are then given the medication for 1
23. A researcher is examining the effect of fatigue on performance of a perceptual-speed task(see Figure 5. 1, p 138) A sample of n - 12 college students is obtained and each student completes the speed task at the beginning of the study. Each student then spends 1 hour reading a boring 25-page
22. In the Preview section of this chapter, we discussed a report describing how the accuracy of Olympic marksamen can be affected by heartbeats. Pelion (1983)reported that Olympic-level marksmen choot much better if they fire between heartbeats rather than squeezing the trigger during a heartbeat.
21. Placing children in time out cim be an effective forint of punishment. Research suggests that this same techesque tan also be effective for allts (Chelonis, Bastilla, Brown, & Gardner, 2007). En the study.participants were shown n senes of colored shapes nodi had in classaly each stimulus into
20). A researcher uses a matched-samples design to Imjestigate whether single people who own pets am generally happier than single, without pels A mood ino cutory questiondire is administered to a group of 20. to 29 year old non-pet owners and a simulat age group of pet owners. The pet owners are
19. The previous problem demonstrates thia rettioring lodividual differences cie substantially reduce variance mul lower the standard error. However, this benefit only occurs if the individual differences ant consiglent across treatment conditions. In problem I8 for example, the first two
18. One of the primary advantages of a repeated-measures design compared to independent measures is that it totues the overall variability by removing variance caused by individual differences The following dota are from a research soudy comparing two treatment conditionsa. Assume that the data mre
17. A vanety of research results suggest that vivus inages interfere with visual perception, In one study, Segal and Fusella (1970) had participants watch a screen, looking for brief presentations of a small blue arrow:Cin some trials, the participants were also asked to form a mental image (for
16. A researcher for a cereal company wanted to demon-Wrate the health benefits of eating cuimeal. A suaimple of y volunteers was obtained and each participant pie a fixed diet wichout any oatmeal fur 30 days, At the end if che 30-day period. cholesterol was measured for each individual. Then the
15. The following dam ie from s repente:1- measures study Examining the effect of a treatmem by meaniring a group of n = 4 participants before and after they receive the treatment,a. Calculate the difference scores and Mis h. Compone S&, sample vanance, and estimated Mandant erice.e. Is there a
14. In Chapter 8 (pogo 233) we presented an example ne a research study examining how an antioxidant supplement (such as hlucherries) affects the cognitive functioning of elderly adults In the example, we compared one sample of adults who received the blueberry supplement with the general
13. A recent seport indicates that physically antroctive pouple ant also perceived is being more intelligent Bagly, Ashimore, Makhijani, & Longo, 1991]. As a demonstration of this phenomenon, a researcher obtained a set of 18 photographs 5 showing man who were judged to be attractive and 5 showing
12 The stimulant Rialin has been shown to merense attention span and improve academic performance m children with ADHD Evanx Pellim, Semth, et al.2001) To demonstrate the effectiveness of the drug, a researciwr select a sample of a - 25 children diagnosed with the disorder and mensures cuch child's
11. Strack ,, Martin, and Stepper (1985) reported that people rate cartaune in Funnier when bolding a pen in their teeth (which forced them in stile) than when holding a pen in their lips (which forced them to froom)/ A reseiochet mempind tu iepocate this resul using a sample of n = Te adults
10. Research le shown this losing even one night's sleep cant have a significant effect os performance of cumplen tasks such as problem solving (Linde &Bergsimoem, 1992) To demircistrate this phenomenon.a sample af y = 25 college saddens was given a problem-solving tusk it soon on one ilay find
9. In the Preview section of Chapter 2 ,- we discussed a study that examined the effect of humor ou memory(Schmidt, 1994) In one part of the study. participantw.were presented with a list containing a mit of humorom and nonhumorous sentences, and were then asked to recall as many sentences as
8. A sample of difference scores from a repented-measures experimen has a mean of Mp. = 5 with u vanance of $ - 64.w. If n = 4, is this sample sufficient to reject the null hypothesis using a two-tailed ies with a = 053b. Would you reject Ha if n- 167 Again. assume two-tailed test with o - 05e.
7. n. A repemed-mesures study with a sample of 4 = 9 participants produces a mean difference of Mo - 3 with a standard deviation of > - 6. Based on the mean and standard deviation you should be able to visualize for sketch) the sample distribution Ute a two-tailed hypothesis test with n - 015 bo
a - 05 to determine whether it is likely that this.simple came from a population with An = D).c. Explain how the size of the sample standard deviation influences the likelihood of finding n Significant mean difference.
. n. A repeated-measures study with a sample of # - 9 participants produces a mean difference of My = 4 with a standard deviation of x = 12. Based on Out mean and sundard deviation you should be able to visualice for sketch) the sample distribution, Use a two-tailed hypothesis test with a = 125 th
5. A samtale of # - 16 individuals participates in a repeated measures study that produces h sample menn difference of Mo - 9 with 35 - 960 for the difference:a. Calculate the standard deviation for the sample of difference scores, Briefly explain what is measured by the standard deviation.b.
4. A researcher conducts an experiment comparing two treatment conditions and obtains dasa wihr 10 scores for cach treatment condition.a. If the mesearcher used an independent measures design, how many subjects participated in the experiment?b. If the reseuncher used'a repeated-messares design, how
3. Explain the difference between a matched-subject design and a repested-messires design
2. Participante enter a research study with unique elmatar-teristics that produce different scores from one persin to another, For an independent messines shady, these individual differences can csig poulilems Briefly"explain how these problems are eliminared or reduced with a repeated-meantes
1. For the Following studies, indicate whether a repeated-measures /test is the appropriate analysis.Explain your answers.u. A researcher is ccesparing academic performance for college students who participate in organizod sports and those who do notb. A researcher is testing the atteriiveness of a
25. A researcher is comparing the effectiveness of two seus of instructions for assembling a child's bee, A sumple of sight fathers ix obtained. Half of the fathers are given one set of instructions and the other half Tedeives the Second set. The researcher measures huww much time is needed for
. Using a two-tailed test with a - 05, is there a sigusticant difference between the two Ireaiment cottiticos!Computer" to measure the percentage of variance.accounted for by the treatment effect.
2.1. | Siegel ( 199th) found this ekiedy people who owned!dous werd less likely in pay visits to their doctors after upsetting events than wore those who did not own pets. Similarly, consider the following hypothetical data, A samoile of chilerty dog owhen is comgured co n similar group (in terms
22. Steve Schmidt (1994) conducteit a series of experiments examining the effects of herren og memory In one study, participants were given n mix of humorous and aoahumorous sentences and significantly more humorous sentences were recalled However, Schmidt argued that the humorous sentences were
21. When people leum a new task, their performance usually htigives when they see tested the next day, but only if they get at leit 6 bours of sleep (5tickgold, Whidber. Schirmer, Patel, & Hobson. 2000). The following stata demonstrile this phenomence. The participants learned a Visual
20. Harris, Schoch, ami Hensley (1992) conducted u research study showing how cultural experience can influence memory. They presented participants with two different versions of stories. One version contained facts or elements that were consistent with a U.S. culture and the second version
1. De these results indicate a significant difference in That level of self-esteem reported by adolescent girls and boys? Use a two-tailed fest with o - 01 Compute Cohen's d and r. to mentre the size of the effect
19, Rescarch indicates that aufolescent boys report higher levels of self-esteem than is reported by adolescent with (Kling, Hyde, & Buswell, 1999), To examine this phenomenon a researcher ofisine a sample of 40 aifolescent, 20 boys and 20 girls, and administers a standenlized mentire of self
In 1974, Lothus and Palmer conducted a classic shidy demonstrating how the language used to ask a question can influence eyewitness mnenocey. In the study college students watched a film of an automobile accident and then were asked questions about what they saw. One groop was asked, "About how
17. The independent menvures study from the previous problems wax repented using larger samples with w - 16 participants in sach freaiment. Assuming that the larger samples produced exactly the same sample meuns and variances at were obtained in problem 16.are the data sufficient to conclude that
&. Based on these requilts, is there a significant difference between the performance for individuale versus the performance for groups? Use two-tailed test with a - 05.b. Compute ine estimaied value of Cohen's d' to measure effect size for ibis shady'.In. An independent-measures research sandy was
15. In a study comparing individual performance with group performance, Laughlin, Zander, Kasevel, mit Tan (2003) forand that groups consistently outperformed the best of the individuals. The task was letters-to-mimbers problem in which an arithmetic problem was presented substituting a letter in
14. Do you view a chocolate Far as delicious or ans fattening ? Your attitude muy depend on your proder Iin a study of American college students, Rozin, Bauer.uil Cocanese (2003) examined the Importance of food as a source of pleasure versus concerns about food asociated with weight gain and
13. Suppose Die research study in the previous problem produced larget variances of 5 - 27 and : - 21 for the twn samples. Assuming that the means and sample sizes are the same as in problem 12, ut the data sufficient to conclude that there Is a significant difference between the two treatmentt?
An independent-measures research stunts was used co compare two treatment conditions with ₪ = 12.participants in each treatment. The first treatment had a mean of Mf - 55 with a vanance of y - K, and the second treatment had M = 52 and r = 4, Do thee data indicate a significant difference between
11. For cach of the following, assume thie the tw samples are selected from populations with equal means and calculate how much difference should be expected, on average, between the two suple meansa. Each sample has fr - 5 scores with 1 - 38 for the first sample and s - 42 for the second.
10. One sample has n = 4 scores with 55 - 100 and *second sample has a - 8 with SS - 140.a. Calculate the pooled variance for the Two simples.h. Calculate the estimated standard error for the"sample mean difference.c. If the sample mean difference is 6 points. is this enough to reject the null
9. One sample has it = 15 with 55 = 1600, and a second Sample has nf - 15 with 55 - 1700 n. Find the pooled variance for the two samples.b. Compute the estimated standard endir for the sample mean differencec. If the sample mean difference is 8 points, is this enough to reject the mall hypothesis
b. Now assume that i - 6 for the find simple and I = 16 for the second. Again, calculate the two sample variances and the pooled variance You should find that the pooled variance is ckoett to the variance for the larger sample.N. A.s nated on page 312. when the two population Aneans are equal, the
7. One sample has SS - 35 and a second sample has 55 = 45& Assemning (hot n - 6 for both samples, calculate each of the sample variances, then calculate the pooled variance Because the samples are the sume size, you should find that the pooled variatde is exitly halfway between the two sample
I. - 8 for the second Fiad each of the sample ..variances, and calculate the pooled variance. You should find that the pooleil variance is closer in the Variance for the larger sample (n = 8)
5. Describe the homogeneity of variance axesmption and explain why it is important for the independess.mesures I test One sample has 55 - 48 and a second sample has 5X = 42a. Assuming that # > 4 for both samples, find each of the sample variances, and calculate the pooled vartance. You should find
4. If other factors are held constant, how does increasing the sample variance affect the value of the independent measures s statistic bad the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis?
3. If other factors are held constam, how does increasing the number of scores in cach sample affect the value of the independent measures I statistic and the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis?"
2. Describe what is measured by the estimod standard error in the bottom of the independent measures !statistic.
1. Describe the basic characteristics of an independent measures, or a berwech-subjects, research sindy.
25. People tend to evaluate the quality of their lives relative to others around them. In a demonstration of this phenomenon, Frieswijk, Bounk, Steverink, and Shets (200-4) conducted interviews with frail elderly people In the imerview, each person was compared with fictitious others who were worse
24. On a standardized spatial skith rask, norminive data reveil that peuple typically got | - 15 correct solutions, A psychologist tests a ? individuals who have brain lajunies in the right cerebral hemisphere.For the following data, determine whether or not right hemisphere damage results in
23. A psychologist would like to determine whether there isa mulation between depression and aging. It is known that the general population averages = = 40 on a standardized depression test The psychologist obtains a sample of n - 9 individuals who are all more than 70 years old. The depression
22. A researcher would like to examine the effects of humidity nu cating behavior. It is known that laboratory rats normally ent an average of | = 21 grams of food each day The researcher seletty a tandum sample of n = 16 mins and places them in a controlled atmosphere room in which the
21, An example of the vertical horizontal allusion is shown in the figum, Atbough the Two lines are exactly the same length, the Vertical line appears to be mich longer To examine the strength of this illusion, K researcher prepared an Example in which both lines wyere exactly 10 inches long, The
20. A random sample of w= 16 4cores is obtained from a population with a mean of p - 50, mida treatment is Idminestered to the sample. After treatment, the sample mean is found to be M = 82.a. Assuming the sample variance is a - bf, congr the estimated d' and ri to measure the size of the treatment
IL. Assuming the sample contained a - 16 individus, measure the size of the treatment effect hy computing the estimated if' and rt.b. Assuming the sample contained it - 25 individuals, measure the size of the treatment effect by computing the estimated d andc. Comparing your answers from pints a
19. A random simple is obtained from a population wich A mean of 4 = 100, and w treatment is administered to the sample. After treatment, the sample mesom is found to he M = 104 and the sample variance is=400
-I8. Other resciuch examining the effects of preschool childcare has found that children who spent time in day dare, especially high quality day care, perform better on math and language tests than children who stay home with their mothers (Broberg, Wessel, Lamb, &Hwang: 1997). Typical results, for
17, Belsky, Weinraub, Owen, and Kelly (2001) reported on the effects of preschool childcare on the development of young children: One result saggest;that children who spend more lime away from their mothers are more likely to show behundoral peuhiems in kindergarten. Using a standardized scale, the
16. In a classic study of infant attachment. Harlow (1959)placed infant monkeys in cages with two artificial surrogate mothers. One "mother" was made from bare wire mesh and contained a baby buttle from which the infants could feed. The other mother was made from soft terry cloth and did not
15. The librarian at the local elementary school claims that, on average, the books in the library me more than 20 years old. To test this claim, a student takes a sample of a - 30 books and records the publication dare for each. The sample produces an average age of M = 23.8 years with a varinnce
14. In the Preview for this chiner, we discussed a study.that examined the effect of eye-spot patterns on the behavior of moth eating hinds (Scaife, 1976); The birds were tested in a box with zwo chambers and were free to move from one chamber to another In ons chamber, two large eye-sputs were
13. Numerous studies have shown ihm IQ scores have been increasing peneration by generation, for years FFlyma, 1984, 1999). The increase is called the Flynn Effect, and the dara indicate that the increase appears to be about 7 points pet decade. To demonstrate this phenomenon, a researcher obtains
12. Lad fall, a sample of n = 36 freshmen was selected in participate in a new 4-hour training program designed to improve study skills To evaluate the effectiveness of the new program, the sample was compared with the rest of the freshman class, All freshmen niesz make the same English Language
Il. A random sample of a - 16 individuals is selected from a population with | = 70. and a treatment is administered to each individual in the sample, After Treatment, the sample mean is found in he M = T6 with SS - 960.a. How much difference is there between the mean fur the treated sample and the
10, A sample of a = 25 individuals is randomly selected from a population with a menn of ja = 65, and a Deabient is administered to the imleviduals in the sample. After treatment, the sample mean ir found to be MN = 71.a. If the sample standard deviation is $ = 10, are the data sufficient to
4. If there are n = 4 individuais in the sample, are the data sufficient to repect dig unid conclude that the treatment has a significant effect uhiog a two-tailed h. If there are a - In individuals in the sample. ant the dica sufficient to conchide that the meaimem has a significant effect? Aguin,
9. A sample is nindumly selected from a population with a mean of a = 50, and a treatment is administered i that todaviduals in the Sample. Aller treatment, the sample is found to have a man of AN - Shi with a standard deviation of =
8. The following sample waa obtained from a population with unknown panavietery.Scores:b. 12. 0. 3. 4a. Compute the sample mean and stamfandt deviation.(Note that these me descriptive values that summarize the sample data.b. Compite the estimated standard error for A (Nore that chis is an
7. The following sample was obtained from a population with unknown ponuneters:Scones: 1, 5, 1, 1a. Compite the sample meies and standard deviation.(Note that these are descriptive values that summarize the sample data ]l. Compute the estimated standard error fur M. (Not:that this is an inferential
6. Find the r values that form bie boundaries of the critical region for a two tailed best with a - 05 for each of the following aff valves."h. d =15
5. What is the relationship between the value for degrees of freedom and the shape of the , distribution? What happens to the critical value of r for a particular alpha level when af increases in value?
4. Explain why ? distributions tend to be flater and more spread out than the normal distribution
3. Find the estimated standard error for the sample mein for each of the following samples.* = = 9 with 3$= 1152b. # - 25 with SS - 2400 C. H = 36 with SS - 1260
2. A sample of w = 16 scores has u mean of M - 83 and u standard deviation af - 12.a. Explain what is measured by the sample standantb. Compute the estimated standard error for the sample mean and explain what is measured by the standard error.
1. Under what circumstances is a r statistic used instead of a ≤score for a hypothesis test?
25. A researcher experts a treatment 10 increase scordi by points The regular population, without Ihmtinent, averages ja - 40 with a standard dextation of or = 8,and the scores form a normal distribution. If the researcher uses a one-tailed test with a-01.a. What is the power of the test for a
24. A researcher is evaluating the influence of a treatmem using a simple selected from a normally distributed population with a menn of p - 80 and a Mandaril deviation of o - 20, The researcher expects a 12-point treatnient effect and plans to unser a two-mailed hypothesis test with ut - . 05.a.
23. A researcher is investigating the effectiveness of n new medication for lowering blood pressure for individuals with systolic pressure greater than 140. Bor this population, systol e scores average ja - 160 with a standard deviation of or - 20, and the spores form normal shaped distribution.
22. Explain how the power of a hypothesis test is influenced hy each of the following. Assume that all other factors are heid coostat.a. Ineresesing the alpha level from 01 to 05.b. Changing from a one-tailed test to a two tailed test
21. Briefly explain how increasing sample size influences cach of the following. Assume that all other factors are hedd contant 1. The sie of the z-score in a hypothesis test.h. The size of Coben's de. The power of a hypothesis test
21. A sample of a = 9 individuals was selected from a normally distributed population wich a mein of 25 and u standard deviation of o = 0, A beit-ment Was administered in the sample and, after treatment, the nine individuals produced the following scores: 36: 27. 30, 33, 27. 30, 30. 24. 38.a.
Assume that the distribution is nearly normal with u - 3, For a sample of n = 4 weeks in which the daily temperature was extremely hut, the weekly average of hit-by-pitch players was M =15.5. Are players more likely to got hit by pitches during hot wecks? Set alpha mo 05 for a one-tailed test.
19. Researchers have often noted increases in violent crimes when it is very hot, In fact, Reitman, Larnick.and Fein (1991) noted that this relationship even extends in baseball. That is, there is a much greater chance of a batter being hit by a pitch when the temperature increases. Consider the
18: A sample of w - 16 individuals is selected from a moemal population with a mean of p - 48 und a standard deviation of a - 12. After receiving a .Treatment, the sample mean i found in be M = 52 lt. Compute Cohen's d to evaluate the size of the treatment effect.he If the sample size were n = 36,
17. Momcarello and Martins (2005) found that fifth-urade students completed poore mathematics problems correctly whos simple problems were raised in with their regalar math assignments. To further explore this phenomenon, suppose that a researcher selects a stan-dardized mathematics achievement
16. A researcher is testing the hypothesis that consuming a sports drink during exercise will improve endurance.A sample of n - 50 male college students is ablamed wod euch stuitens is aseen a series of three endurance Tinsky had asked to consuinie 4 ounces of the drink during cach breol between
15. A psychologist is Investigating the hypothesis thia.children who grow up is the only child in the household develop different personality characteristics than those who grow up in burger families A sample of nt - 30 unly children is obtained sod dich child is given a standardized personality
14. Under some cupsinon a 6-point traitent elfqui can be very large, and in some ciruin sances it con be very small Assume that a sample od a = 16 individual M selected from a populahon with a incan of |t=70. A Mesmoent is administered to the Simple and, after peabpen, the sample mean is found to
13. There is some evidence that REM sleep, associated with dreaming, may also play a role in learning and merbaty processing, For example. Smith und Lapp(1991) found increased REM activity for college students during exam periode Suppose thin REM activity fre a sample af n - Vo students dilting the
12. To test the effectiveness of > treatment, a sample of n = 25 people is selected from a nonal population With a mean of p = 60, After the treatment is administered to the individuals in the sample, this sample mens is fuunif to be M - 55 If the population stundanl deviation is ur - 10. can you
11. To test the effectiveness of a treatment, a sample is selected from a normal population mich a mean od z = 40 and a standard deviation of o = 12, Ane the'treatment Is administered to the individuals in the sample, the sample mean it found to be M - 46.a. If the simple consists of n 4
10. State College is evaluating a new English composition pororse for freshmen. A random sample of n + 25 freshmen is obtained and the students are placed in the converse during their first semester. One year Later. R writing sample is obtained for each Mo dent and the writing samples and graded
9. A researcher is evaluating the effectiveness of a new physical education program for elementary school children. The program is designed to reduce competition and increase individual self-esteem. A sample of # - 16 children is selected and the children are placed in the new program, After 3
8. Childhood participation in sports, cultural groups and youth groups appears to be related to linpenved self-esteem for adolescents (Metice, Williams, Howden-Chapman, Martin, & Kawachi, 2006), In representative study, a sample of n = 100 adolescents with a history of group participation is
7. A researcher is sesking the effectiveness of a new drug that is intended to improve learning and memory performance, A sample of a - l6 rats is obtained, and the rots are administered the drug and then are tested op a standardized leaming lask. For the general population of rats (with no drug)
6. A researcher is investigating the effectiveness of a new story skills training program for elementary school children, A sample of " - 25 third grade children in Selected to participate in the program and each child is given a standardized achievement test at the end of the year, For the regular

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