Statistics For People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition Neil J Salkind - Solutions

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1.42 Suppose you were to read the following news story:“Researchers compared a new drug to a placebo for treating high blood pressure, and it seemed to work. But the researchers were concerned because they found that significantly more people got headaches when taking the new drug than when
1.41 Give an example of a question you would like to have answered, such as “Does eating chocolate help to prevent depression?” Then explain how a randomized experiment or an observational study could be done to study this question.
1.40 Why was the study described in Case Study 1.5 conducted as an observational study instead of an experiment?
1.39 In this chapter, you learned that cause and effect can be concluded from randomized experiments but generally not from observational studies. Why don’t researchers simply conduct all studies as randomized experiments rather than observational studies?
1.38 A headline in a major newspaper read, “Breast-fed youth found to do better in school.”a. Do you think this statement was based on an observational study or a randomized experiment? Explain.b. Given your answer in part (a), which of these two alternative headlines do you think would be
1.37 Explain what is meant by “data snooping.”
1.36 The CNN website sometimes has a small box called “Quick vote” that contains a question about an interesting topic in the news that day. For example, one question in February 2010 asked “Should the U.S. military let gays and lesbians serve openly?” Visitors to the website are invited to
1.35 Refer to Exercise 1.33. The Roper Organization selected a random sample of adults in the United States for this poll.Suppose listeners to a late-night radio talk show were asked to call and report whether or not they had ever seen a ghost.a. What is this type of sample called?b. Do you think
1.34 Refer to Exercise 1.33. What is the risk of someone in this age group having seen a ghost?
1.33 The Roper Organization conducted a poll in 1992 (Roper, 1992) in which one of the questions asked was whether or not the respondent had ever seen a ghost. Of the 1525 people in the 18- to 29-year-old age group, 212 said “yes.”a. What is the approximate margin of error that accompanies this
1.32 A random sample of 1001 University of California faculty members taken in December 1995 was asked, “Do you favor or oppose using race, religion, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin as a criterion for admission to the University of California?” (Roper Center, 1996). Fifty-two percent
1.31 Case Study 1.6 reported that the use of aspirin reduces the risk of heart attack and that the relationship was found to be “statistically significant.” Does either of the cautions in the “moral of the story” for Case Study 1.7 apply to this result? Explain.
1.30 Refer to the study in Exercises 1.28 and 1.29, comparing the percentage of smokers who quit using a nicotine patch and a placebo patch. Refer to the definition of statistics given on page 1, and explain how it applies to this study.
1.29 Refer to the study in Exercise 1.28, in which there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of smokers who quit using a nicotine patch and a placebo patch. Now read the two cautions in the “moral of the story” for Case Study 1.7. Discuss each of them in the context of
1.28 Dr. Richard Hurt and his colleagues (Hurt et al., 1994) randomly assigned volunteers who wanted to quit smoking to wear either a nicotine patch or a placebo patch to determine whether wearing a nicotine patch improves the chance of quitting. After 8 weeks of use, 46% of those wearing the
1.27 An article in the Sacramento Bee (March 8, 1984, p. A1) reported on a study finding that “men who drank 500 ounces or more of beer a month (about 16 ounces a day) were three times more likely to develop cancer of the rectum than nondrinkers.”In other words, the rate of cancer in the
1.26 Refer to Exercise 1.25, comparing vegetarians and nonvegetarians for two causes of death. Were base rates given for the two causes of death? If so, what were they? If not, explain what a base rate would be for this study.
1.25 An article in the magazine Science (Service, 1994) discussed a study comparing the health of 6000 vegetarians and a similar number of their friends and relatives who were not vegetarians.The vegetarians had a 28% lower death rate from heart attacks and a 39% lower death rate from cancer, even
1.24 Refer to Exercise 1.22.a. Create a five-number summary for the women’s responses.Show how you found your answer.b. Use your five-number summary to describe in words the exercise behavior of this group of female students.
1.23 Refer to Exercise 1.22.a. Create a five-number summary for the men’s responses.Show how you found your answer.b. Use your five-number summary to describe in words the exercise behavior of this group of male students.
1.22 Students in a statistics class at Penn State were asked, “About how many minutes do you typically exercise in a week?”Responses from the women in the class were 60, 240, 0, 360, 450, 200, 100, 70, 240, 0, 60, 360, 180, 300, 0, 270 Responses from the men in the class were 180, 300, 60, 480,
1.21 Refer to Case Study 1.6, in which the relationship between aspirin and heart attack rates was examined. Using the results of this experiment, what do you think is the base rate of heart attacks for men like the ones in this study?Explain.
1.20 Explain what is meant by a “false positive” in the context of conclusions in statistical studies.Chapter Exercises
1.19 A (hypothetical) study of what people do in their spare time found that people born under the astrological sign of Aries were significantly more likely to be regular swimmers than people born under other signs. What additional information would you want to know to help you determine if this
1.18 Explain the distinction between statistical significance and practical significance. Can the result of a study be statistically significant but not practically significant?
1.17 A randomized experiment was done in which overweight men were randomly assigned to either exercise or go on a diet for a year. At the end of the study there was a statistically significant difference in average weight loss for the two groups. What additional information would you need in order
1.16 Suppose that an observational study showed that students who got at least 7 hours of sleep performed better on exams than students who got less than 7 hours of sleep. Which of the following are possible confounding variables, and which are not? Explain why in each case.a. Number of courses the
1.15 Read Case Study 1.5. Give an example of a confounding variable that might explain why elderly people who attended religious services might have lower blood pressure than those who did not. Do not use one of the variables already mentioned in the Case Study.
1.14 For each of the studies described, explain whether the study was an observational study or a randomized experiment.a. A group of 100 students was randomly divided, with 50 assigned to receive vitamin C and the remaining 50 to receive a placebo, to determine whether or not vitamin C helps to
1.13 For each of the examples given here, decide whether the study was an observational study or a randomized experiment.a. A group of students enrolled in an introductory statistics course were randomly assigned to take either an online course or a traditional lecture course. The two methods were
1.12 A proposed study design is to leave 100 questionnaires by the checkout line in a student cafeteria. The questionnaire can be picked up by any student and returned to the cashier. Explain why this volunteer sample is a poor study design.
1.11 A popular Sunday newspaper magazine often includes a yes-or-no survey question such as “Do you think there is too much violence on television?” or “Do you think parents should use physical discipline?” Readers are asked to send their answers to the magazine, and the results are
1.10 About how many people would need to be in a random sample from a large population to produce an approximate margin of error of .30 or 30%?
1.9 In Case Study 1.3, the margin of error for the sample of 496 teenagers was about 4.5%. How many teenagers should be in the sample to produce an approximate margin of error of .05 or 5%?
1.8 A telephone survey of 2000 Canadians conducted March 20–30, 2001, found that “Overall, about half of Canadians in the poll say the right number of immigrants are coming into the country and that immigration has a positive effect on Canadian communities. Only 16 percent view it as a negative
1.7 A CBS News poll taken in December 2009, asked a random sample of 1048 adults in the United States, “In general, do you think the education most children are getting today in public schools is better, is about the same, or is worse than the education you received?” About 34% said
1.6 Using Case Study 1.6 as an example, explain the difference between a population and a sample.
1.5 Refer to Case Study 1.3, in which teens were asked about their dating behavior.a. What population is represented by the random sample of 602 teens?b. What population is represented by the 496 teens in the sample who had dated?
1.4 The risk of getting lung cancer at some point in one’s life for men who have never smoked is about 13 in 1000. The risk for men who smoke is just over 13 times the risk for nonsmokers.(Source: Villenueve and Lau, 1994)a. What is the base rate for lung cancer in men over a lifetime?b. What is
1.3 In recent years, Vietnamese American women have had the highest rate of cervical cancer in the country. Suppose that among 200,000 Vietnamese American women, 86 developed cervical cancer in the past year.a. Calculate the rate of cervical cancer for these women.b. What is the estimated risk of
1.2 A five-number summary for the heights in inches of the women who participated in the survey in Case Study 1.1 is as shown:Female Heights(inches)Median 65 Quartiles 63.5 67.5 Extremes 59 71a. What is the median height for these women?b. What is the range of heights—that is, the difference in
1.1 Refer to the data and five-number summaries given in Case Study 1.1. Give a numerical value for each of the following.a. The fastest speed driven by anyone in the class.b. The slowest of the “fastest speeds” driven by a male.c. The speed for which one-fourth of the women had driven at that
Using Chapter 19 Data Set 2, create a crosstabs table that shows the number of level-4 athletes who are female among 1,000 students. In the data set for the variable Gender, 1= male and 2 = female. Pivot table time! Now graph the results and produce something visually interesting and informative.
Using the data from the file named Chapter 19 Data Set 1, create a crosstabs table for category (ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 being most industrious) as a function of proficiency scores (ranging from 1 to 5, with 5 being most proficient). How many participants are really (the most) industrious but
In Chapter 17 Data Set 5, you will find entries for two variables: age category (young, middle-aged, and old) and strength following weight training (weak, moderate, strong).Are these two factors independent of one another?
Here are the results of a survey that examines preference for peanut or plain M&Ms and exercise level. Are these variables related? Do the calculations by hand or using SPSS.
Half the marketing staff of a candy company argue that all these candy bars taste the same and are barely different from one another. The other half disagrees. Who is right?The data are ready for you to analyze as Chapter 17 Data Set 4.
School enrollment officials observed a change in the distribution of the number of students across grades and were not sure whether the new distribution was what they should have expected. Test the following data for goodness of fit at the .05 level.
Using the following data, test the question of whether an equal number of boys (code =1) and girls (code = 2) participate in soccer at the elementary level at the .01 level of significance. (The data are available as Chapter 17 Data Set 3.) Use SPSS or some other statistical program to compute the
Using the following data, test the question of whether an equal number of Democrats, Republicans, and Independents voted during the most recent election. Test the hypothesis at the .05 level of significance. Do your calculations by hand.
When does the obtained chi-square value equal zero? Provide an example of how this might happen.
For any combinations of predicted and predictor variables, what should be the nature of the relationship between them?
Take a look at Chapter 16 Data Set 3, where number of home sales(Number_Homes_Sold) is being predicted by years in the business (Years_In_Business)and level of education in years (Level_Of_Education). Why is level of education such a poor contributor to the overall prediction (using both years in
Time to try out multiple predictor variables. Take a look at the data shown here where the outcome is becoming a great chef. We suspect that variables such as number of years of experience cooking, level of formal culinary education, and number of different positions (sous chef, pasta station,
Check your calculation of the correlation coefficient of the relationship between coffee consumption and stress done in Chapter 15, Question 5. If you want to know whether coffee consumption predicts group membership . .
Here’s where you can apply the information in one of this chapter’s tips and get a chance to predict a Super Bowl winner! Joe Coach was curious to know whether the average number of games won in a year predicts Super Bowl performance (win or lose).The X variable was the average number of games
Go to the library and locate three different research studies in your area of interest that use linear regression. It’s okay if the studies contain more than one predictor variable.Answer the following questions for each study:
Betsy is interested in predicting how many 75-year-olds will develop Alzheimer’s disease and is using as predictors level of education and general physical health graded on a scale from 1 to 10. But she is interested in using other predictor variables as well.Answer the following questions:
Chapter 16 Data Set 2 contains the data for a group of participants who took a timed test. The data are the average amount of time the participants took on each item (Time)and the number of guesses it took to get each item correct (Correct).
How does linear regression differ from analysis of variance?
Chapter 15 Data Set 5 contains four variables:
Discuss the general idea that just because two things are correlated, one does not necessarily cause the other. Provide an example (other than ice cream and crime!).
Use the data below to answer the questions that follow. Do these calculations manually.
A study was completed that examined the relationship between coffee consumption and level of stress for a group of 50 undergraduates. The correlation was .373, and it was a two-tailed test done at the .01 level of significance. First, is the correlation significant?Second, what’s wrong with the
Use the data in Chapter 15 Data Set 4 to answer the questions below. Compute the correlation coefficient manually.
Use the data in Chapter 15 Data Set 3 to answer the questions below. Do the calculations manually or use SPSS.
Use the data in Chapter 15 Data Set 2 to answer the questions below. Do the analysis manually or by using SPSS.
Given the following information, use Table B.4 in Appendix B to determine whether the correlations are significant and how you would interpret the results.
This is the extra-credit question: For the data set named Chapter 14 Data Set 4, are girls better (as evaluated by a test of skill ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 being best) than boys and, if so, under what conditions?
Use the data from Chapter 14 Data Set 3 and answer the following questions about an analysis of whether level of stress and gender have an impact on caffeine consumption(measured as cups of coffee per day).
Using the data in Chapter 14 Data Set 2 and SPSS, complete the analysis and interpret the results for level of severity and type of treatment for pain relief. It is a 2 × 3 experiment, like the kind you created in the answer to Question 2.
Create a drawing or plan for a 2 × 3 experimental design that would lend itself to a factorial ANOVA. Be sure to identify the independent and dependent variables.
When would you use a factorial ANOVA rather than a simple ANOVA to test the significance of the difference between the average of two or more groups?
Why is it only appropriate to do a post hoc analysis if the F ratio is significant?
The Noodle company wants to know what thickness of noodle consumers find most pleasing to their palate (on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being most pleasing), so the food manufacturer put it to the test. The data are found in Chapter 13 Data Set 4. Turns out that there is a significant difference
The data in Chapter 13 Data Set 3 were collected by a researcher who wants to know whether the amount of stress is different for three groups of employees. Group 1 employees work the morning/day shift, Group 2 employees work the day/evening shift, and Group 3 employees work the night shift. The
Using the data in Chapter 13 Data Set 2 and SPSS, compute the F ratio for a comparison among the three levels representing the average amount of time that swimmers practice weekly (25 hours), with the outcome variable being their time for the 100-yard freestyle. Answer the question of whether
Using the following table, provide three examples of a simple one-way ANOVA, two examples of a two-factor ANOVA, and one example of a three-factor ANOVA. We show you some examples—you provide the others. Be sure to identify the grouping and the test variable as we have done here
What is the difference between a one-way analysis of variance and a factorial analysis of variance?
When is analysis of variance a more appropriate statistical technique to use than a test between a pair of means?
Chapter 12 Data Set 5 provides you with data for two groups of adults, tested in the fall and spring during a resistance weight-lifting class. The outcome variable is bone density(the higher the score, the denser the bones) on a scale from 1 to 10. Does lifting weights work? How about the effect
Take a look at Chapter 12 Data Set 4. Does shift matter when it comes to stress (the higher the stress score, the more stress the worker feels)?
Do this exercise the good old-fashioned way—by hand. A famous brand-name manufacturer wants to know whether people prefer Nibbles or Wribbles. Consumers get a chance to sample each type of cracker and indicate their like or dislike on a scale from 1 to 10. Which do they like the most?
For Chapter 12 Data Set 3, compute the t value and write a conclusion as to whether there is a difference in families’ satisfaction level, measured on a scale of 1 to 15, in their use of service centers following a social service intervention. Do this exercise using SPSS and report the exact
Here are the data from a study in which adolescents were given counseling at the beginning of the school year to see if it had a positive impact on their tolerance for adolescents who were ethnically different from them. Assessments were made right before the treatment and then 6 months later. Did
For Chapter 12 Data Set 2, compute the t value manually and write a conclusion as to whether there was a change in tons of paper used as a function of the recycling program in 25 different districts. (Hint: Before and after become the two levels of treatment.)Test the hypothesis at the .01 level.
In the following examples, indicate whether you would perform a t-test of independent means or dependent means.
What is the difference between a test of independent means and a test of dependent means, and when is each appropriate?
Here’s an interesting (and hypothetical) situation. The average score for one group on an aptitude test is 89.5 and the average score for the second group is 89.2. Both groups have sample sizes of about 1,500 and the differences between the means is significant, but the effect size is very small
For this question, you have to do two analyses. Using Chapter 11 Data Set 5, compute the t score for the difference between two groups on the test variable (named score).Then, use Chapter 11 Data Set 6 and do the same. Notice that there is a difference between the two t values, even though the mean
Using the data in Chapter 11 Data Set 4 and SPSS, test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in group means between the number of words spelled correctly for two groups of fourth graders. What is your conclusion?
Here are the results of three experiments where the means of the two groups being compared are exactly the same but the standard deviation is quite different from experiment to experiment. Compute the effect size using Formula 11.6 on page 219 and then discuss why this size changes as a function of
Here’s a good one to think about. A public health researcher (Dr. L) tested the hypothesis that providing new car buyers with child safety seats will also act as an incentive for parents to take other measures to protect their children (such as driving more safely, childproofing the home, etc.).
Using the data in the file named Chapter 11 Data Set 3, test the null hypothesis that urban and rural residents both have the same attitude toward gun control. Use SPSS to complete the analysis for this problem.
Use the following data and SPSS or some other computer application such as Excel or Google Sheets and write a brief paragraph about whether the in-home counseling is equally effective as the out-of-home treatment for two separate groups. Here are the data. The outcome variable is level of anxiety
Using the results you got from Question 3, and a level of significance of .05, what are the two-tailed critical values associated with each result? Would the null hypothesis be rejected?
Time for some tedious, by-hand practice just to see if you can get the numbers right.Using the following information, calculate the t-test statistics by hand. 1. X1 = 62 X2 = 60 n1 = 10 n2 = 10 s1 = 2.45 s2 = 3.16 2. X1 = 158 X2 = 157.4 n1 = 22 n2 = 26 s1 = 2.06 s2 = 2.59 3. X1 = 200 X2 = 198 n1 =
Using the same data set (Chapter 11 Data Set 2), test the research hypothesis at the .01 level of significance that there is a difference between boys and girls in the number of times they raise their hand in class. Do this practice problem by hand, using a calculator.What is your conclusion
Using the data in the file named Chapter 11 Data Set 2, test the research hypothesis at the .05 level of significance that boys raise their hand in class more often than girls. Do this practice problem by hand, using a calculator. What is your conclusion regarding the research hypothesis? Remember
Here’s a list of units of toys sold by T&K over a 12-month period during 2015. Were the sales of 31,456 for one month in 2016 significantly different from monthly sales in 2015?

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Statistics For People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition Neil J Salkind - Solutions

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