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a course in statistics with r
Statistical Methods For Psychology 7th Edition David C. Howell - Solutions
Calculate for the data in Exercise 13.5.
Calculate and for Exercise 13.5.
Calculate for the data in Exercise 13.1.
Calculate and for Exercise 13.1.
Use any standard computer software to analyze the data in Exercise 13.17. Compare your results with those you obtained previously.
Klemchuk, Bond, and Howell (1990) examined role-taking ability in younger and older children depending on whether or not they attended daycare. The dependent variable was a scaled role-taking score. The sample sizes were distinctly unequal. The data follow Younger Older No Daycare 20.139 22.002
Assume that in Exercise 13.1 the last three participants in cell12 (Primiparous, LBW . 18)and the last two participants in cell23 (Multiparous, NBW) refused to give consent for their data to be used. Rerun the analysis.
In Exercise 11.3 you ran a test between Groups 1 and 3 combined versus Groups 2 and 4 combined. How does that compare to testing the main effect of Level of processing in Exercise 13.11? Is there any difference?
For the study in Exercise 13.5, to what would refer (if A were used to represent Area)?
In a study of memory processes, animals were tested in a one-trial avoidance-learning task.The animals were presented with a fear-producing stimulus on the learning trial as soon as they stepped across a line in the test chamber. The dependent variable was the time it took them to step across the
In Exercise 13.1 the design may have a major weakness from a practical point of view. Notice the group of multiparous mothers under 18 years of age. Without regard to the data, would you expect this group to lie on the same continuum as the others?
In a study of mother–infant interaction, mothers are rated by trained observers on the quality of their interactions with their infants. Mothers are classified on the basis of whether or not this was their first child (primiparous versus multiparous) and on the basis of whether this was a
Find an example in the research literature of a study that used at least five different conditions, and create a data set that might have come from this experiment. Apply several of the techniques we have discussed, justifying their use, and interpret the results. (You would never apply several
In Exercise 11.8 we considered a study by Foa et al. concerning therapy for victims of rape.The raw data can be found on the Web site at Ex12.30.dat. Apply the Benjamini and Hochberg LSU procedure to these data.
Write up a brief report of the results computed for Exercises 12.1, 12.26, and 12.27.
Stone, Rudd, Ragozzino, and Gold (1992) investigated the role that glucose plays in memory. Mice were raised with a 12 hour light-on/light-off cycle, starting at 6:00 AM. During training mice were placed in the lighted half of an experimental box and given foot shock when they moved into the dark
Interpret the results in Exercise 12.23.
In Exercise 12.21 it would not have made much of a difference whether we combined the data across the three intervals or not. Under what conditions would you expect that it would make a big difference?
Use any statistical package to apply the REGWQ (if available), and Scheffé procedures to the data from Introini-Collison and McGaugh (1986), described in the exercises for Chapter 11(p. 356). Do these analyses for both Epineq.dat and Epinuneq.dat, which are on the book’s Web site. Do not combine
Calculate the Benjamini-Hochberg test on the data in the example in Table 11.2, and compare your results to those you obtained for Exercise 12.10.
Fit linear and quadratic trend components to the Conti and Musty (1984) log transformed data in Table 11.6. The control condition received 0 mg of THC. For purposes of this example, assume that there were 10 subjects in all groups. (You could add a 2.56 to the 0.5 mg group and a 2.35 and 2.36 to
The Holm test is referred to as a modified sequentially rejective procedure. Why?
Apply Dunnett’s test to the log transformed data in Table 11.6.
Apply the Tukey procedure to the log transformed THC data from Table 11.6(p. 339). What is the maximum FW for this procedure?
Use the Scheffé test on the data in Exercise 12.13 to compare groups 1, 2, and 3 (combined)with groups 4 and 5 (combined). Then compare group 1 with groups 2, 3, and 4 (combined). (Hint: Go to the discussion at www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/methods7/Extras/Unequal-ncontrasts.html)
Run Games and Howell (1976) approach to Tukey’s HSD procedure for unequal sample sizes on the data in Exercise 12.12.Group 12345 10 18 19 21 29 858797.4 8.98.6 7.2 9.3
Why might you be more interested in running specific contasts on the data referred to in Exercises 12.10 and 12.11?
Calculate the Tukey test on the data in the example in Table 11.2, and compare your results to those you obtained for Exercise 12.10.
Run a REGWQ test on the example given in Table 11.2(p. 324) and interpret the results.
Apply Holm’s multistage test to Exercise 12.1.
Repeat Exercise 12.7, using Holm’s multistage test. What differences do you find between these answers and the answers to Exercise 12.7?
Compute the Studentized range statistic for the two groups in Exercise 11.2, and show that it is equal to (where t is taken from Exercise 11.2b).
Using the data from Exercise 11.1, compute the linear contrasts for 5 versus (20 and 35)days and 20 versus 35 days, using a 5 .05 for each contrast. (Note that this and subsequent exercises refer to exercises in Chapter 11, not this chapter.)
Assume that the data that follow represent the effects of food and/or water deprivation on behavior in a learning task. Treatments 1 and 2 represent control conditions in which the animal received ad lib food and water (1) or else food and water twice per day (2). In treatment 3 animals were food
With four groups you could have the means equally spaced along some continuum, or you could have three means approximately equal to each other and a fourth one different, or you could have two means approximately equal but different from two other approximately equal means, or some other pattern.
Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al. (2000) examined task performance of users of the drug Ecstacy and compared that with a group of Cannabis users and a control group of Nonusers. There were 28 participants in each group, and the Ecstacy users were almost all users of Cannabis as well. Performance was
Strayer, Drews, and Couch (2006) ran a study in which they compared the driving behavior of a control group, a group that was at the legal limit for alcohol, and a group that was talking on a cell phone. I have modified their study slightly, but the results are consistent with theirs. The three
Rerun Exercise 11.29, this time using Epineq.dat. (The results will differ somewhat because the data are different.) Calculate the average of the three error terms ( ) and show that this is equal to the average of the variances within each of the nine groups in the experiment.Save this value to use
Use the data in Epinuneq.dat to run three separate one-way analyses of variance, one at each retention interval. In each case, test the null hypothesis that the three dosage means are equal. Have your statistical package print out the means and standard deviations of the three dosage groups for
On the reasonable assumption that there are no important differences from one interval to the next, combine the data by ignoring the Interval variable and run the analysis of variance on Dosage. Use the data in Epinuneq.dat. (You will have 42 observations for the 0.0 and 0.3 mg/kg doses and 37
In Exercise 7.46 you had data on students who had lost a parent through death, who came from a divorced household, or who grew up with two parents. You then ran three separate t tests comparing those groups.a. Now reanalyze those data using an analysis of variance with GSIT as the dependent
Davey, Startup, Zara, MacDonald, and Field (2003) were interested in the role of mood on the degree of compulsive checking in which a person engaged. (Compulsive checking is involved in a number of psychopathologies.) Three groups of 10 participants each listened to music designed to induce a
Suppose that we wanted to run a study comparing recall of nouns and verbs. We present each subject with 25 nouns or 25 verbs and later ask for recall of the list. We look at both differences between parts of speech and between different words within the category of“noun.” What variable is a
Would a transformation of Eysenck’s data in Table 11.2 be useful in terms of equalizing the variances? What transformation would you suggest applying, if any?
Darley and Latané (1968) recorded the speed with which subjects summoned help for a person in trouble. Subjects thought either that they were the only one listening to the person(Group 1, n 5 13), that one other person was listening (Group 2, n 5 26), or that four other people were listening
Calculate and for the data in Exercise 11.17.
Apply a square-root transformation to the data in Table 11.5.
Howell and Huessy (1981) classified children as exhibiting (or not exhibiting) attention deficit disorder (ADD)-related behaviors in second, fourth, and fifth grade. The subjects were then sorted on the basis of the year(s) in which the individual was classed as exhibiting such behavior. They then
The computer printout in Exhibit 11.4 is from a JMP analysis of the data in Exercise 11.8.a. Compare the results with those you obtained in Exercise 11.8a.b. What can you tell from this printout that you cannot tell from a standard summary table?
Calculate and for the data in Exercise 11.8 and interpret the results.
Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdock (1991) conducted a study evaluating four different types of therapy for rape victims. The Stress inoculation therapy (SIT) group received instructions on coping with stress. The Prolonged exposure (PE) group went over the events in their minds repeatedly. The
Calculate and for the data in Exercise 11.3.
Calculate and for the data in Exercise 11.2. Would you assume a fixed or a random model?
Refer to Exercise 11.2. Suppose that we collected additional data and had two more subjects in the Younger group, with scores of 13 and 15.a. Rerun the analysis of variance.b. Run an independent groups t test without pooling the variances.c. Run an independent groups t test after pooling the
Refer to Exercise 11.1. Assume that, for reasons beyond our control, neither the data for the last pup in the 5-day group nor the data for the last two pups in the 35-day group could be used. Rerun the analysis of variance with the remaining data.
Another way of looking at the data from Eysenck’s (1974) study is to compare four groups of subjects. One group consisted of Younger subjects who were presented the words to be recalled in a condition that elicited a Low level of processing. A second group involved Younger subjects who were given
Another aspect of the study by Eysenck (1974), referred to earlier, compared Younger and Older subjects on their ability to recall material in the face of instructions telling them that they would be asked to memorize the material for later recall—the Intentional group. (Presumably this task
To investigate the maternal behavior of laboratory rats, we move the rat pup a fixed distance from the mother and record the time (in seconds) required for the mother to retrieve the pup to the nest. We run the study with 5-, 20-, and 35-day old pups. The data are given below for six pups per
Rosenthal and others (cited earlier) have argued that small effects, as indexed by a small, for example, can be important in certain situations. We would probably all agree that small effects could be trivial in other situations.a. Can an effect that is not statistically significant ever be
In Exercise 7.48 using Mireault.dat, we compared the responses of students who had lost a parent and students who had not lost a parent in terms of their responses on the Global Symptom Index T score (GSIT), among other variables. An alternative analysis would be to use a clinically meaningful
Using Mireault’s data on this book’s Web site (Mireault.dat), calculate the point-biserial correlation between Gender and the Depression T score. Compare the relevant aspects of this question to the results you obtained in Exercise 7.46. (See “The Relationship Between and t” within Section
On page 302 I noted that Rosenthal and Rubin showed that an of .1024 actually represented a pretty impressive effect. They demonstrated that this would correspond to a of 20.48, and with 100 subjects in each of two groups, the 2 3 2 contingency table would have a 34:66 split for one row and a 66:34
Assume in Exercise 10.14 that there were five entering clinical students. They produced the following data:Student 1: 1 4 2 6 5 3 9 10 7 8 Student 2: 4 3 2 5 7 1 10 8 6 9 Student 3: 1 5 2 6 4 3 8 10 7 9 Student 4: 2 5 1 7 4 3 10 8 6 9 Student 5: 2 5 1 4 6 3 9 7 8 10 Calculate Kendall’s W and for
In a study of diagnostic processes, entering clinical graduate students are shown a 20-minute videotape of children’s behavior and asked to rank order 10 behavioral events on the tape in the order of the importance each has for a behavioral assessment (1 5 most important). The data are then
An investigator wants to arrange the 15 items on her scale of language impairment on the basis of the order in which language skills appear in development. Not being entirely confident that she has selected the correct ordering of skills, she asks another professional to rank the items from 1 to 15
An investigator is interested in the relationship between alcoholism and a childhood history of attention deficit disorder (ADD). He has collected the following data, where a 1 represents the presence of the relevant problem.ADD: 0100110001001001 Alcoholism: 0100010001100001 ADD: 1100000001001000
Visualize the data in Exercise 10.9 as fitting into a contingency table.a. Compute the chi-square on this table.b. Show the relationship between chi-square and .
Assume that the committee in Exercise 10.6 decided that a GPA-score cutoff of 3.00 would be appropriate. In other words, they classed everyone with a GPA of 3.00 or higher as acceptable and those with a GPA below 3.00 as unacceptable. They then correlated this with completion of the Ph.D.
What do the slope and the intercept obtained in Exercise 10.7 represent?
Compute the regression equation for the data in Exercise 10.6. Show that the line defined by this equation passes through the means of the two groups.
A graduate-school admissions committee is concerned about the relationship between an applicant’s GPA in college and whether or not the individual eventually completes the requirements for a doctoral degree. They first looked at the data on 25 randomly selected students who entered the program 7
Perform a t test on the data in Exercise 10.1 and show the relationship between this value of t and .
Why would it not make sense to calculate a biserial correlation on the data in Exercises 10.1 and 10.2?
Compare the results you obtained in Exercises 10.1 and 10.2. What can you conclude?
Because of a fortunate change in work schedules, we were able to reevaluate the subjects referred to in Exercise 10.1 for performance on the same tasks in the evening. The data are given below.Peak time of day: 000000000 0 Performance rating: 40 60 40 50 30 40 50 50 20 30 Peak time of day:
Some people think that they do their best work in the morning, whereas others claim that they do their best work at night. We have dichotomized 20 office workers into morning or evening people (0 5 morning, 1 5 evening) and have obtained independent estimates of the quality of work they produced on
In a recent e-mail query, someone asked about how they should compare two air pollution monitors that sit side by side and collect data all day. They had the average reading per monitor for each of 50 days and wanted to compare the two monitors; their first thought was to run a t test between the
In Chapter 2, I presented data on the speed of deciding whether a briefly presented digit was part of a comparison set and gave data from trials on which the comparison set had contained one, three, or five digits. Eventually, I would like to compare the three conditions(using only the data from
Given a male and a female student who are both 5 6 , how much would they be expected to differ in weight? (Hint: Calculate a predicted weight for each of them using the regression equation specific to their gender.)
Using your own height and the appropriate regression equation from Exercise 9.31 or 9.32, predict your own weight. (If you are uncomfortable reporting your own weight, predict mine—I am 5 8 and weigh 146 pounds.)a. How much is your actual weight greater than or less than your predicted weight?
The following data are the actual heights and weights, referred to in this chapter, of female college students.a. Make a scatterplot of the data.b. Calculate the regression coefficients for these data. Interpret the slope and the intercept.c. What is the correlation coefficient for these data? Is
The following data represent the actual heights and weights referred to earlier for male college students.a. Make a scatterplot of the data.b. Calculate the regression equation of weight predicted from height for these data. Interpret the slope and the intercept.c. What is the correlation
One of the assumptions lying behind our use of regression is the assumption of homogeneity of variance in arrays. One way to examine the data for violations of this assumption is to calculate predicted values of Y and the corresponding residuals (Y 2 ). If you plot the residuals against the
Using the data referred to in Exercise 9.28,a. Calculate the correlations among all of the Brief Symptom Inventory subscales. (Hint:Virtually all statistical programs are able to calculate these correlations in one statement. You don’t have to calculate each one individually.)b. What does the
Using the data from Mireault (1990) in the file Mireault.dat, at http://www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/methods7//DataFiles/DataSets.html is there a relationship between how well a student performs in college (as assessed by GPA) and that student’s psychological symptoms (as assessed by GSIT)?
Moore and McCabe (1989) found some interesting data on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco that illustrate an important statistical concept. Their data, taken from the Family Expenditure Survey of the British Department of Employment, follow. The dependent variables are the average weekly
Make up your own example along the lines of the “smoking versus life expectancy” example given on pp. 262–263 to illustrate the relationship between and accountable variation.
In the study by Katz, Lautenschlager, Blackburn, and Harris (1990) used in this chapter and in Exercises 7.13 and 7.29, we saw that students who were answering reading comprehension questions on the SAT without first reading the passages performed at better-thanchance levels. This does not
Guber (1999) actually assembled the data to address the basic question referred to in Exercises 9.20 and 9.21. She obtained the data for all 50 states on several variables associated with school performance, including expenditures for education, SAT performance, percentage of students taking the
You want to demonstrate a relationship between the amount of money school districts spend on education, and the performance of students on a standardized test such as the SAT. You are interested in finding such a correlation only if the true correlation is at least .40. What are your chances of
In 1886, Sir Francis Galton, an English scientist, spoke about “regression toward mediocrity,” which we more charitably refer to today as regression toward the mean. The basic principle is that those people at the ends of any continuum (e.g., height, IQ, or musical ability) tend to have
Within a group of 200 faculty members who have been at a well-known university for less than 15 years (i.e., since before the salary curve levels off) the equation relating salary (in thousands of dollars) to years of service is 5 0.9X 1 15. For 100 administrative staff at the same university, the
Calculate an equation for the 95% confidence interval in for predicting psychological symptoms—you can overlay the confidence limits on Figure 9.2.
The mean stress score for the data in Table 9.3 was 21.467. What would your prediction for log(symptoms) be for someone who had that stress score? How does this compare to ?
Should you feel uncomfortable making a prediction if the rate in Exercise 9.13 were 70?Why or why not?
If as a result of ongoing changes in the role of women in society, the age at which women tend to bear children rose such that the high-risk fertility rate defined in Exercise 9.10 jumped to 70, what would you predict for incidence of babies with birthweights less than 2500 grams? (Note: The
Calculate confidence limits on for Exercise 9.10.
Calculate the standard error of estimate for the regression equation from Exercise 9.10.
From the data in Exercise 9.1, compute the regression equation for predicting the percentage of births of infants under 2500 grams (Y) on the basis of fertility rate for females younger than 18 or older than 34 years of age ( ). ( is known as the “high-risk fertility rate.”)
An important developmental question concerns the relationship between severity of cerebral hemorrhage in low-birthweight infants and cognitive deficit in the same children at age 5 years.a. Suppose we expect a correlation of .20 and are planning to use 25 infants. How much power does this study
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