Statistics Without Maths For Psychology 8th Edition Christine Dancey - Solutions

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2.21 Construct a stem-and-leaf display for the following data: 11 22 28 32 41 46 52 56 59 13 24 28 33 41 46 52 57 60 17 24 29 33 42 46 53 57 61 19 24 30 37 43 48 53 57 61 19 26 30 39 43 49 54 59 63
2.20 Construct a stem-and-leaf display for the following data: 15 64 15 34 75 24 81 67 19 25 48 57 69 62 41 46 35 27 72 64 48 51 77 71 21 20 26 42 83 38
2.19 A company executive has read with interest the finding that the average U.S. office worker receives about 60 e-mails per day. Assume that an executive, wishing to replicate this study within her own corporation, directs information technology personnel to find out the number of e-mails each of
2.18 One of the ways to evaluate the ease of navigating a corporate website is to measure how long it takes to reach the link where you can view or download the company’s most recent annual report. In randomly selecting and visiting 80 corporate websites, an investor needed an average of 39.9
2.17 The current values of the stock portfolios for 80 clients of an investment counselor are as listed in data file XR02017. Use your computer statistical software to generate a frequency distribution and histogram describing this information. Do any of the portfolio values seem to be especially
2.16 For the frequency distribution constructed in Exercise 2.11, convert the information to a “less-than” ogive.( DATA SET ) Note: Exercises 2.17–2.19 require a computer and statistical software.
2.15 Using the frequency distribution obtained in Exercise 2.8, convert the information to a “less-than” ogive.
2.14 Convert the distribution in Exercise 2.8 to aa. Relative frequency distribution.b. Cumulative relative frequency distribution showing“greater than or within” relative frequencies.
2.13 Convert the distribution in Exercise 2.3 to aa. Relative frequency distribution.b. Cumulative frequency distribution showing“less than or within” frequencies.
2.12 According to the U.S. Department of Agri culture, the distribution of U.S. farms according to value of annual sales is as follows. Source: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2006, p. 546.Convert this information to aa. Relative frequency distribution.b. Cumulative
2.11 During his career in the NHL, hockey great Wayne Gretzky had the following season-total goals for each of his 20 seasons. Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2000, p. 954.51 55 92 71 87 73 52 62 40 54 40 41 31 16 38 11 23 25 23 9 Construct a frequency distribution and a histogram for
2.10 The following performance scores have been reco rded for 25 job applicants who have taken a preemployment aptitude test administered by the company to which they applied:66.6 75.4 66.7 59.2 78.5 80.8 79.9 87.0 94.1 70.2 92.8 86.9 92.8 66.8 65.3 100.8 76.2 87.8 71.0 92.9 97.3 82.5 78.5 72.0
2.9 The accompanying data describe the hourly wage rates (dollars per hour) for 30 employees of an electronics firm:22.66 24.39 17.31 21.02 21.61 20.97 18.58 16.61 19.74 21.57 20.56 22.16 20.16 18.97 22.64 19.62 22.05 22.03 17.09 24.60 23.82 17.80 16.28 19.34 22.22 19.49 22.27 18.20 19.29 20.43
2.8 For commercial banks in each state, the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has listed their total deposits (billions of dollars) as follows. Source: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009, p. 722.Construct a frequency distribution and a histogram for these
2.7 What is meant by the statement that the set of classes in a frequency distribution must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive?
2.6 Using the frequency distribution in Exercise 2.5, identify the following for the 15–under 25 class:(a) frequency, (b) upper and lower limits, (c) width, and (d) midpoint.
2.5 The National Center for Health Statistics reports the following age breakdown of deaths in the United States during 2006. Source: The New York Times Almanac 2009, p. 392.Age (Years) Number of Deaths (Thousands)under 15 39.80 15–under 25 34.23 25–under 35 41.93 35–under 45 84.79 45–under
2.4 Using the frequency distribution in Exercise 2.3, identify the following for the 25–under 35 class:(a) frequency, (b) upper and lower limits, (c) width, and (d) midpoint.
2.3 The National Safety Council reports the following age breakdown for licensed drivers in the United States.Source: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009, p. 682.Age (Years) Licensed Drivers (Millions)under 20 10.72 20–under 25 16.84 25–under 35 40.78 35–under
2.2 Generally, how do we go about deciding how many classes to use in a frequency distribution?
2.1 What is a frequency distribution? What benefits does it offer in the summarization and reporting of data values?
1. Which of the following constitute continuous variables?(a) Number of times a score of 180 is achieved in a darts match(b) Gender(c) Temperature(d) All of the above
2. Experimental designs are characterised by:(a) Fewer than two conditions(b) No control condition(c) Random allocation of participants to conditions(d) None of the above
3. In a study with gender as the manipulated variable, the IV is:(a) Within participants(b) Correlational(c) Between participants(d) None of the above
4. Which of the following are true of correlational designs?(a) They tend not to have an IV and a DV(b) They look at relationships between variables(c) You cannot infer causation from correlations(d) All of the above
5. Which of the following could be considered as categorical variables?(a) Gender(b) Brand of baked beans(c) Hair colour(d) All of the above
6. Between-participants designs can be:(a) Either quasi-experimental or experimental(b) Only experimental(c) Only quasi-experimental(d) Only correlational
7. Which of the following statements are true of experiments?(a) The IV is manipulated by the experimenter(b) The DV is assumed to be dependent upon the IV(c) They are difficult to conduct(d) Both (a) and (b) above
8. Quasi-experimental designs have:(a) An IV and a DV(b) Non-random allocation of participants to conditions(c) No IV or DV(d) Both (a) and (b) above
9. A continuous variable can be described as:(a) Able to take only certain discrete values within a range of scores(b) Able to take any value within a range of scores(c) Being made up of categories(d) None of the above
10. Which of the following are problems associated with within-participants designs?(a) There is an increased likelihood of practice or fatigue effects(b) Participants are more likely to guess the nature of the experiment(c) They cannot be used with quasi-experimental designs(d) All of the above
11. According to Streiner (2002), how efficient are studies that dichotimise continuous variables when compared with studies that do not?(a) 100%(b) 95%(c) 67%(d) 50%
12. A researcher has just conducted a correlational study investigating the relationship between the amount of alcohol drunk by fans of the home team before a football match and the number of goals scored by the home team. They found that there was a relationship between the two variables. Which of
13. In a within-participants design with two conditions, if you do not use counterbalancing of the conditions then your study is likely to suffer from:(a) Order effects(b) Effects of time of day(c) Lack of participants(d) All of the above
14. You have conducted a study that shows that the earlier people get up, the more work they get done.Which of the following are valid conclusions?(a) There is not necessarily a causal relationship between getting up early and amount of work done(b) People who get up early have a need to get more
15. Which of the following designs is least likely to enable us to establish causal relationships between variables?(a) Experimental design(b) Quasi-experimental design(c) Correlational design(d) Within-participants design
16. Demand effects are possible confounding variables where:(a) Participants behave in the way they think the experimenter wants them to behave(b) Participants perform poorly because they are tired or bored(c) Participants perform well because they have practised the experimental task(d) None of
17. Suppose you wanted to conduct a study to see if depressed individuals bite their nails more than nondepressed individuals. Which of the following would be the best way to proceed?(a) Measure participants’ depression with a questionnaire and ask them to give a rating of how much they bite
18. Which of the following might be suitable IVs in a quasi-experimental study?(a) Gender(b) Whether or not someone had Generalised Anxiety Disorder(c) Students versus non-students(d) All of the above
19. In within-participants designs, order effects occur when:(a) Participants get tired in later conditions(b) Participants perform equally well in all conditions(c) Participants have trouble obtaining their drinks at the bar(d) None of the above
20. Which of the following are problems associated with dichotomising continuous variables?(a) Loss of experimental power(b) Spurious effects may occur(c) There is a serious loss of information(d) All of the above
1. Which one of the following represents the best estimate of the population mean?(a) The sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The mode of several sample means(d) The median of several sample means
2. If you obtained a sample of data that was relatively normally distributed and had no extreme scores, which measure of central tendency would you opt for?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
3. Which of the following measures of central tendency are sensitive to extreme scores?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
4. Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) Bimodal Histogram 7 6 5- Frequency st 3 2- 1 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 VAR00001 Std. Dev = 4.74 Mean = 13.5 N = 20.00
5. The standard deviation is equal to:(a) The variance(b) The square root of the variance(c) The variance squared(d) The variance divided by the number of scores
6. What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample size equals sampling error(d) None of the above
7. The mode is:(a) The frequency of the most common score divided by the total number of scores(b) The middle score after all the scores have been ranked(c) The most frequently occurring score(d) The sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores
8. In box plots, an extreme score is defined as:(a) A score that falls beyond the inner fence(b) A score that falls between the hinges and the inner fence(c) A score that falls between the inner fence and the adjacent score(d) A score that falls between the two hinges
9. A normal distribution should have which of the following properties?(a) Bell-shaped(b) Symmetrical(c) The tails of the distribution should meet the x-axis at infinity(d) All of the above
10. If you randomly select a sample of 20 pandas (sample A), then select a sample of 300 pandas (sample B) and calculate the mean weight for each sample, which is likely to give a better estimate of the population mean weight?(a) Sample A(b) Sample B(c) Both will give equally good estimates of the
11. What sort of relationship is indicated by a scattergram where the points cluster around an imaginary line that goes from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) Bimodal(d) Flat
12. What is the mean of the following set of scores: 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, 20, 24, 22, 24, 25?(a) 145(b) 17.2(c) 16.7(d) 167
13. If you have a negatively skewed distribution then:(a) The mean, median and mode are equal(b) The right-hand tail is extended(c) The left-hand tail is extended(d) None of the above
14. A perfectly normal distribution:(a) Is bell-shaped, symmetrical and has tails that approach the x-axis at infinity(b) Is only applicable for normal people(c) Has equal mean, median and modes(d) (a) and (c) above
15. When you have categorical variables and are simply counting the frequency of occurrence of each category, your measure of central tendency should be:(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
16. Given the following set of data (8, 7, 9, 12, 14, 10, 14, 11, 13, 14), what are the mean, median and mode?(a) 11.2, 11.5, 14(b) 112, 12, 14(c) 10, 5, 14(d) 10, 12, 14
17. If a distribution is described as platykurtic, then it is:(a) Very peaked(b) Very flat(c) Bimodal(d) Very thin
18. Having calculated the variance of a set of data with 12 participants to be 36, what would the standard deviation be?(a) 36(b) 1296(c) 6(d) 3
19. Which of the following statements are true?(a) Parameters describe samples and statistics describe populations(b) Statistics describe samples and populations(c) Parameters describe populations and statistics describe samples(d) Both (a) and (b) above
20. Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal(b) Positively skewed(c) Negatively skewed(d) Bimodal Frequency 0 4 2- Histogram 10 8 6. 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 VAR00004 Std. Dev 13.65 Mean = 20.0 N = 40.00
1. What is the probability 1 in 5 expressed as a percentage?(a) 14%(b) 25%(c) 20%(d) 32%
2. What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample size equals sampling error(d) None of the above
3. If we have a 95% confidence interval of 3 { 2 . what does it mean?(a) The population mean is definitely between 1 and 5(b) We are 95% sure that the population mean falls between 3 and 2(c) We are 95% sure that the population mean falls between 1 and 5(d) None of the above
4. What are the scores in the standard normal distribution?(a) Extreme scores(b) z-scores(c) Scores in standard deviation units(d) Both (b) and (c) above
5. The standard error is:(a) The square root of the mean(b) The square of the standard deviation(c) The standard deviation divided by the mean(d) The standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of participants in the sample
6. If you have a probability of 33%, what is it expressed as a decimal?(a) 0.033(b) 0.33(c) 0.23(d) 0.133
7. The standard error tells us:(a) The degree to which our sample means differ from the mean of the sample means(b) The degree to which our sample means differ from the population mean(c) The degree to which the standard deviation differs from the population mean(d) Both (a) and (b) above
8. What would we multiply the standard error by to help us get our 95% confidence intervals?(a) 95(b) The square root of the sample size(c) The standard deviation(d) 1.96
9. If you had a z-score of 2.33, this would tell you that:(a) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations above the mean(b) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations below the mean(c) There was a probability of 2.33 of obtaining a score greater than your score(d) There was a probability of 2.33 of
10. If an event has a probability of 95% of occurring, what does this mean?(a) The event is likely to occur 5 times out of every 100(b) The event is likely to occur 95 times out of every 100(c) The event is likely to occur 95 times out of every 95(d) None of the above
11. Which career should you choose if your weightlifting and pottery scores are as follows?Weightlifting: Your score is 52 (sample mean = 55, SD = 12)Pottery: Your score is 50 (sample mean = 58, SD = 32)(a) Weightlifting(b) Pottery(c) Either as you are equally good compared with the populations(d)
12. Which of the following statements are true in reference to inferential statistics?(a) They merely describe our data(b) We are able to use them to draw conclusions about populations from sample data(c) They are used simply to make psychology look scientific(d) We are able to use them to draw
13. If you obtain a score of 13 on an anxiety questionnaire and you know that the population mean and standard deviation are 20 and 5 respectively, what is your z-score?(a) -2.33(b) -1.4(c) 1.33(d) 0
14. If you have a population of scores that has a flat (i.e. not normal) distribution, the distribution of many sample means will be:(a) Flat(b) Bimodal(c) Negatively skewed(d) Normal
15. Which of the following gives the best estimate of the population mean?(a) Sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The standard deviation(d) The standard error
16. For a set of data we find that we have a standard deviation of 42 and a sample size of 16. What is the standard error?(a) 0.339(b) 2.95(c) 21.68(d) 10.5
17. If you draw 100 samples from a population and plot all their means as a frequency histogram, then you have a:(a) Mean distribution(b) Skewed distribution(c) Sampling distribution(d) None of the above
18. Given a standard error of 5.2 with a sample size of 9, what is the standard deviation?(a) 1.73(b) 15.6(c) 46.8(d) 0.556
19. Which of these could you not generate confidence intervals for?(a) A mean(b) A correlation coefficient(c) The mean difference between scores(d) None of the above
20. If we have a negatively skewed population, what shape will the sampling distribution of the mean of samples drawn from this population be?(a) Negatively skewed(b) Positively skewed(c) Normal(d) It is not possible to tell
1. A Type II error occurs when:(a) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it should be(b) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should be(c) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have been(d) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it should not have been
2. What is the basis or logic of inferential statistical tests?(a) To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is true(b) To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is false(c) To work out
3. If you obtain a one-tailed p-value of 0.02, the equivalent two-tailed p-value is:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
4. If you predict that two variables A and B will be related, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That there is no relationship between A and B(b) That A will be greater than B(c) That there is no difference between A and B(d) None of the above
5. The power of an experiment is:(a) a(b) The ability of the experiment to reject the null hypothesis if it is, in fact, false(c) The sensitivity of participants to your experimental manipulation(d) All of the above
6. When we predict that condition A will be greater than condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A uni-directional prediction(d) Both (a) and (c) above
7. The probability that an effect has arisen due to sampling error given that the null hypothesis is true is denoted as:(a) Negligible(b) b(c) a(d) None of the above
8. If you obtain a two-tailed p-value of 0.02, the equivalent one-tailed p-value would be:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
9. If we predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A null prediction(d) Both (b) and (c) above
10. If you obtain a p-value of 4%, what does this mean?(a) The probability that the null hypothesis is true is 4%(b) The probability that the null hypothesis is false is 4%(c) The probability of obtaining the effect you have due to sampling error if the null hypothesis were true is 4%(d) All of the
11. If you predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That condition A will be greater than condition B(b) That condition B will be greater than condition A(c) That condition A will be related to condition B(d) That there will be no
12. If we reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true then we have:(a) Made a Type I error(b) Made a Type II error(c) Made scientific progress(d) Both (b) and (c) above
13. Which of the following are the assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests?(a) The data should be normally distributed(b) The samples being tested should have approximately equal variances(c) You should have no extreme scores(d) All of the above
14. A Type II error means:(a) We have rejected the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true(b) We have accepted the experimental hypothesis when it is false(c) We have accepted the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, false(d) None of the above
15. A researcher has conducted a study on reaction times with 20 participants in each of two conditions.She finds that the variance for the first condition is 2 seconds and for the second condition is 8 seconds. Which of the following statements is true?(a) She should not use parametric tests
16. How do we denote power?(a) a(b) b(c) 1 - a(d) 1 - b
17. Why do we usually set our criterion for significance at 0.05?(a) This is the traditional level used by most psychologists(b) This represents a good balance between making Type I and Type II errors(c) It is easier to get significant results with this a(d) Both (a) and (b) above
18. When we convert our data into a score from a probability distribution, what do we call the value we obtain?(a) Significant(b) Not significant(c) The test statistic(d) The power of the study
19. Imagine we conduct two studies. In study A we have 1000 participants and obtain a p-value of 0.01, whereas in study B we have only 20 participants and a p-value of 0.05. In which of these two studies is there the larger effect?(a) Study A(b) Study B(c) The effect is the same in each study(d) We

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Statistics Without Maths For Psychology 8th Edition Christine Dancey - Solutions

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