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Statistics Without Maths For Psychology 8th Edition Christine Dancey - Solutions

20. If you find in a study that your p-value is 0.05, what is the probability of the alternative hypothesis being true?(a) 0.05(b) 1 minus 0.05(c) We cannot work out the probability of the alternative hypothesis being true(d) None of the above
1. If 36% of the variation in scores on y has been accounted for by scores on x, how much variance is unexplained?(a) 64%(b) 36%(c) 6%(d) 0.6%
2. If two variables are totally independent, then the correlation between them is:(a) -0.1(b) -1.00(c) +1.00(d) zero
3. Of those below, which two variables show the strongest relationship?(a) ‘QOL’ and ‘family relationships’(b) ‘QOL’ and ‘age’(c) ‘mood’ and ‘QOL’(d) ‘mood’ and ‘age’
4. Which correlation is the weakest?(a) ‘QOL’ and ‘age’(b) ‘mood’ and ‘age’(c) ‘family relationships’ and ‘age’(d) ‘family relationships’ and ‘mood’
5. What is the achieved significance level of ‘family relationships’ and ‘mood’?(a) 6 0.001(b) =0.011(c) =0.912(d) 6 0.01
6. If you have a correlation coefficient of 0.5, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 25%(b) 50%(c) 75%(d) None of the above
7. Someone who runs a correlational analysis says that an effect size of 64% has been found. What value of r did they obtain?(a) +0.8(b) -0.8(c) 0.8, but we cannot tell whether the value is positive or negative(d) 0.64
8. If you have a correlation coefficient of 0.4, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 16%(b) 40%(c) 84%(d) None of the above
9. Length of time working at the computer and quality of eyesight are negatively correlated. What should we conclude?(a) People with poor eyesight are more likely to spend long hours working at the computer(b) Working for long hours is likely to cause a deterioration of eyesight(c) A particular
10. Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) +1.00 (b) -1.00 (c) +0.7 (d) -0.7 02 140 130 120 110- 100- 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 MATHEMAT
11. Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) -1.0 (b) -0.1 (c) +1.00 (d) +0.1 SISTERAGE 18 16 14- 12 10 8 6 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 AGE
12. Of the following, which two variables show the strongest relationship?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘satisfied with life’ and ‘family relationships’(c) ‘family relationships’ and ‘other social relationships’(d) ‘felt sad’ and ‘had
13. Which correlation is the weakest?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘family relationships’ and ‘other social relationships’(c) ‘other social relationships’ and ‘had crying spells’(d) ‘satisfied with life’ and ‘had crying spells’
14. A correlation of -0.5 has been found between height and weight in a group of schoolchildren. How much of the variance in height can be explained by weight, in percentage terms?(a) 5%(b) 50%(c) 25%(d) None of the above
15. A researcher wishes to look at the relationship between motivation and examination performance.However, she has reason to believe that IQ influences both of these variables and decides to obtain partial correlations. Which of the following options is most sensible? She should perform a
16. Which cell relates to the scattergram between ‘internal beliefs’ and ‘external beliefs’?(a) d1(b) d2(c) d3(d) d4
17. The cell c3 relates to:(a) Intrusiveness and internal beliefs(b) Intrusiveness and external beliefs(c) Intrusiveness and symptoms(d) Depression and symptoms
18. A positive relationship means:(a) An important relationship exists(b) As scores on x rise, scores on y fall(c) As scores on x rise, so do those on y(d) High scores are frequent on x and y
19. If a correlation coefficient has an associated probability value of 0.02, then:(a) Our hypothesis is obviously true(b) Our results are important(c) There is only a 2% chance that our results are due to sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true(d) There is only a 2% chance that our
20. SPSS prints the following: p = .0000. How should this be reported?(a) 60.001(b) 60.0001(c) 70.001(d) 70.0001
1. The DF for an independent t-test analysis with 20 participants in each condition is:(a) 38(b) 20(c) 40(d) 68
2. For a paired t-test with 40 participants, the appropriate DF is:(a) 20(b) 39(c) 38(d) None of these
3. For an independent t-test with 15 participants in each condition, the appropriate DF is:(a) 28(b) 14(c) 30(d) 15
4. One hundred students were tested on their anxiety before and after an anxiety counselling session.Scores are drawn from a normally distributed population. Which statistical test is the most appropriate?(a) Independent groups t-test(b) Related measures t-test(c) Levene’s test(d) None of these
5. The most important assumption to meet when using a t-test is:(a) The variation in scores should be minimal(b) Scores should be drawn from a normally distributed population(c) Conditions should have equal means(d) All of the above
6. The higher the t-value, the more likely it is that the differences between groups are:(a) A result of sampling error(b) Not a result of sampling error(c) Similar to each other(d) None of the above
7. A t-value of -5 is:(a) Less important than a value of +5(b) More important than a value of +5(c) Equivalent to a value of +5(d) Less significant than a value of +5
8. The difference between the means of the groups is (correct to one decimal place):(a) 0.41(b) 0.69(c) 0.96(d) 0.76
9. The variances of the two groups are:(a) Indeterminate(b) Unequal(c) Assumed to be equal(d) Skewed
10. What can you conclude from the results?(a) There are no statistically significant differences or important differences between the two groups(b) There is a statistically significant difference but it is not important(c) There is an important difference between the two groups but it is not
11. The effect size for independent groups,d, can be calculated by:(a) (mean 1 - mean 2) , mean SD(b) (mean 1 + mean 2) , mean SD(c) (mean 1 - mean 2) , SEM(d) (mean 1 + mean 2) , SEM
12. If the 95% confidence limits around the mean difference (in a t-test) are 10.5 - 13.0, we can conclude that, if we repeat the study 100 times, then:(a) Our results will be statistically significant 5 times(b) Our results will be statistically significant 95 times(c) 95% of the time, the
13. In an analysis using an unrelated t-test, you find the following result:Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances: F = 0.15, p = 0.58 This shows that the variances of the two groups are:(a) Dissimilar(b) Similar(c) Exactly the same(d) Indeterminate
14. In the SPSS output, if p = 0.000, then you should report this as:(a) =0.000(b) =0.0001(c) 6 0.001(d) 6 0.0001
15. In an independent t-test, you would use the ‘equal variances not assumed’ part of the output when Levene’s test is:(a) Above a criterion significance level (e.g. p 7 0.05)(b) Below a criterion significance level (e.g. p 6 0.05)(c) When numbers of participants are unequal in the two
16. For a within-participants design using 20 people, the degrees of freedom are:(a) 20(b) 38(c) 19(d) 40
17. Levene’s test is:(a) A test of heterogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(b) A test of homogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(c) A test of heterogeneity that does not rely on the assumption of normality(d) A test of homogeneity of variances that does not rely on
18. Why are ‘all of the p values’ reported as p 6 0.001, when the other named variables have been reported with the exact probability values?(a) The researchers could not work out the exact probability values(b) The significance level in their statistical program calculated p = 0.000(c) The
19. Which row would the researcher use to interpret the independent t-test results?(a) The equal variances row(b) The unequal variances row
20. Generalising to the population, what sign would the expected t-value take?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) It could be either positive or negative
1. The narrower the confidence intervals:(a) The more confidence you can place in your results(b) The less you can rely on your results(c) The greater the chance that your results were due to sampling error(d) None of the above
2. Statistical significance:(a) Is directly equivalent to psychological importance(b) Does not necessarily mean that results are psychologically important(c) Depends on sample size(d) Both (b) and (c) above
3. All other things being equal, repeated-measures designs:(a) Have exactly the same power as independent designs(b) Are often less powerful than independent designs(c) Are often more powerful than independent designs(d) None of the above
4. All other things being equal:(a) The more sample size increases, the more power decreases(b) The more sample size increases, the more power increases(c) Sample size has no relationship to power(d) The more sample size increases, the more indeterminate the power
5. Power is the ability to detect:(a) A statistically significant effect where one exists(b) A psychologically important effect where one exists(c) Both (a) and (b) above(d) Design flaws
6. Effect size is:(a) The magnitude of the difference between conditions(b) The strength of a relationship or association(c) Both of these(d) Neither of these
7. Sample means are:(a) Point estimates of sample means(b) Interval estimates of population means(c) Interval estimates of sample means(d) Point estimates of population means
8. All other things being equal, the more powerful the statistical test:(a) The wider the confidence intervals(b) The more likely the confidence interval will include zero(c) The narrower the confidence interval(d) The smaller the sample size
9. Power can be calculated by a knowledge of:(a) The statistical test, the type of design and the effect size(b) The statistical test, the criterion significance level and the effect size(c) The criterion significance level, the effect size and the type of design(d) The criterion significance
10. A power level of 0.3 means:(a) You have a 30% chance of detecting an effect(b) You have a 49% chance of detecting an effect(c) You have a 70% chance of detecting an effect(d) You have a 0.7% chance of detecting an effect
11. Look at the following output for an independent t-test:Which is the most appropriate answer?We can be 95% confident that:(a) The population mean difference is 27.7 (b) The population mean difference will fall between 36.21 and 19.18 (c) The population mean will fall between 19.46 and 35.93 (d)
12. A researcher has found a correlation coefficient of r = +0.30, CI(95%) = -0.2 - (+0.7). Which is the most sensible conclusion? We are 95% confident that the population correlation coefficient line would be:(a) Positive (+0.30)(b) Zero(c) Negative (-0.2)(d) Between -0.2 and +0.7
13. Look at the following output from a paired t-test analysis:Which is the most sensible answer?Paired Samples Statistics neutral-errors .7111 congruent-errors .2651 2.963E-02 Std. Error Mean .2250 7.500E-02 Mean Std. Deviation Pair 1 Paired Samples Correlations congruent-errors & neutral-errors
14. It is more important to know the power of a study when:(a) The study has large participant numbers and is statistically significant(b) The study has large participant numbers and is not statistically significant(c) The study has small participant numbers and is statistically significant(d) The
15. Relative to large effect sizes, small effect sizes are:(a) Easier to detect(b) Harder to detect(c) As easy to detect(d) As difficult to detect
16. What are your chances of finding an effect (if one exists) when power = 0.6?(a) 50:50(b) 60:40(c) 40:60(d) 60:60
17. Confidence intervals around a mean value give you:(a) A range within which the population mean is likely to fall(b) A range within which the sample mean is likely to fall(c) A point estimate of the population mean(d) A point estimate of the sample mean
18. As your statistical test grows more powerful, does your confidence interval become:(a) Wider(b) Narrower(c) It makes no difference
19. If d = 0.89, then the effect size is said to be:(a) Zero(b) Weak(c) Moderate(d) Strong
20. When is a knowledge of power more important?(a) When you find an effect(b) When you don’t find an effect(c) It makes no difference
1. Fisher’s Exact Probability Test is used when:(a) The calculations for x2 are too difficult(b) You have more than 25% of cells with expected frequencies of less than 5 in a 2 * 2 design(c) You have more than 25% of cells with expected frequencies of less than 5 in a 3 * 2 contingency table(d)
2. Cramer’s V is:(a) A victory sign made after performing Cramer’s statistical test(b) A measure of effect based on standardised scores(c) A correlational measure of effect converted from x2(d) A measure of difference
3. How many women were in the Tuesday morning group?(a) 127(b) 43(c) 99(d) 210
4. Pearson’s x2 has an associated probability of:(a) 6 0.001(b) 0.00004(c) 0.00124(d) None of these
5. The number of people in this analysis is:(a) 231(b) 170(c) 124(d) 525
6. 290 people are asked which of five types of cola they prefer. Results are as follows:Coca Cola Pepsi Diet Coke Cheapo Pepsi Lite 67 83 77 6 57 What are the expected frequencies for the cells:(a) 57 (b) 58 (c) 290 (d) None of the above
7. Look at the following output:Linear-by-Linear Association 14.3521 1 .00005 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio df 11 Asymp. Sig. (2-sided).00050.00004 Value 14.3212 14.3722 x2 has an associated probability of:(a) 0.00005(b) 0.00004(c) 0.00200(d) 0.00050
8. Look at the following table:observed expected Psychobiology 15 Cognitive Psychology 50 Statistics 72 Child development 31 What is the value of the expected frequencies?(a) 32(b) 50(c) 42(d) 25
9. A one-variable x2 is also called:(a) Goodness-of-fit test(b) x2 test of independence(c) x2 4 * 2(d) 2 * 2 x2
10. The value of x2 will always be:(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) High(d) It depends
11. The Yates’ correction is sometimes used by researchers when:(a) Cell sizes are huge(b) Cell sizes are small(c) They analyse data from 2 * 2 contingency tables(d) Both (b) and (c) above
12. The x2 value is:(a) 12.162(b) 21.516(c) 22.305(d) 525
13. The x2 value has an exact probability level of:(a) 0.0004(b) 0.05(c) 0.01055(d) 0.00796
14. The value of Cramer’s V is:(a) 0.05(b) 0.008(c) 0.099(d) 0.010
15. Look at the following 2 * 2 contingency table, taken from 150 participants:Drink tea Drink coffee Feel terrific 70 50 Feel lousy 30 80 There is something wrong with the above, in that the numbers in the cells should:(a) Add up to 150 (b) Add up to 100 (c) Be equal (d) Be analysed by a 4 * 3 x2
16. 485 people are asked which of five types of bird pictures they prefer to be put on a ‘stop all wars’campaign. Results are as follows:What are the expected frequencies for the cells?(a) 79 (b) 97 (c) 485 (d) 5 162 84 57 94 88
17. In order to find out the effect size after performing a x2 analysis, we:(a) convert Cramer’s V to x2(b) convert x2 to Cramer’s V(c) square the x2 value(d) convert x2 to Fisher’s Z
18. Look at the following table.Anxious Not anxious Dreadful job 210 150 Wonderful job 62 52 This is called a:(a) 2 * 2 contingency table(b) 3 * 2 contingency table(c) 1 * 2 chi-square table(d) 2 * 2 chi-square table
19. The general purpose for which a 2 * 2 x2 analysis is used is to discover whether:(a) There is a significant association between two categorical variables(b) There is an association between two continuous variables(c) Two groups of participants differ on two variables(d) None of the above
20. If you are performing a 4 * 4 x2 analysis and find you have broken the assumptions, then you need to:(a) Look at the results for a Fisher’s exact probability test(b) Look to see whether it is possible to collapse categories(c) Investigate the possibility of a t-test(d) Give up
1. Parametric one-way independent ANOVA is a generalisation of:(a) The paired t-test(b) The independent t-test(c) x2(d) Pearson’s r
2. Which is the most appropriate conclusion?(a) There are statistically significant differences between the three groups of students on ENJOYMENT(b) There are important differences between the three groups but these are not statistically significant(c) There are no statistical or important
3. The following is also given with the above printout:Test of Homogeneity of Variances ENJOYMENT 2 143 .267 df2 Sig.1.3343 Levene Statistic df1 What can you conclude from this?(a) The variances of the groups are significantly different from each other(b) The variances of the groups are similar(c)
4. Here are the results for the KNOWLEDGE questionnaire, which the students completed after their one-hour lecture:ANOVA KNOWLEDGE 1593.2789 146 110.3100 2 55.1550 5.3557 .0057 df Mean Square F Sig.Between Groups Within Groups 1482.9689 144 10.2984 Total Sum of Squares Descriptives KNOWLEDGE
5. The F-ratio is a result of:(a) Within-groups variance/between-groups variance(b) Between-groups variance/within-groups variance(c) Between@groups variance * within@groups variance(d) Between@groups variance + within@groups variance
6. The relationship between the F-ratio and t-value is explained by:(a) t3 = F(b) F2 = t(c) t2 = F(d) f 3 = t
7. Professor P. Nutt is examining the differences between the scores of three groups of participants. If the groups show homogeneity of variance, this means that the variances for the groups:(a) Are similar(b) Are dissimilar(c) Are exactly the same(d) Are enormously different
8. Differences between groups, which result from our experimental manipulation, are called:(a) Individual differences(b) Treatment effects(c) Experiment error(d) Within-participants effects
9. Herr Hazelnuss is thinking about whether he should use a related or unrelated design for one of his studies. As usual, there are advantages and disadvantages to both. He has four conditions. If, in a related design, he uses ten participants, how many would he need for an unrelated design?(a)
10. Individual differences within each group of participants are called:(a) Treatment effects(b) Between-participants error(c) Within-participants error(d) Individual biases
11. Dr Colin Cashew allots each of 96 participants randomly to one of four conditions. As Colin Cashew is very conscientious, he meticulously inspects his histograms and other descriptive statistics, and finds that his data are perfectly normally distributed. In order to analyse the differences
12. The assumption of sphericity means that:(a) The variances of all the sample groups should be similar(b) The variances of the population difference scores should be the same for any two conditions(c) The variances of all the population difference scores should be similar(d) The variances of all
13. If, in an analysis of variance, you obtain a partial eta2 of 0.52, then how much of the variance in scores on the dependent variable can be accounted for by the independent variable?(a) 9%(b) 52%(c) 25%(d) 27%
14. Calculating how much of the total variance is due to error and the experimental manipulation is called:(a) Calculating the variance(b) Partitioning the variance(c) Producing the variance(d) Summarising the variance
15. The following is output relating to a post-hoc test, after a one-way ANOVA:Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Current Salary Tukey HSD(J) Employment Category Custodial Manager Std. Error$2,023.76$1,228.35$2,023.76 Sig..276.276.000 95%Confidence Interval Lower Bound Clerical 2$1,642.74
16. Look at the following output, which relates to a repeated-measures ANOVA with three conditions.Assume sphericity has been violated..566.566.566.566 Tests of Within-Subjects Eects Measure: MEASURE_1.007.030.029.031 7.821 7.821 7.821 7.821 271.429 529.947 522.395 542.857 34.706 67.762 66.796
17. Which is the most appropriate answer? The effect size is:(a) 5.7%(b) 57%(c) 0.57%(d) 5%
18. Which is the most appropriate statement?(a) F(2,12) = 5.62, p = 0.020(b) F(1,6) = 5.62, p = 0.051(c) F(2,12) = 5.62, p = 0.049(d) F(1,6) = 5.62, p = 0.055
19. Which two conditions show the largest difference?(a) 1 and 2(b) 2 and 3(c) 1 and 4(d) They are identical

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