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Statistics Concepts And Controversies 10th Edition David S. Moore, William I. Notz - Solutions

6.3 Prayer and healing. To study the effect of prayer on healing, patients with health problems are randomly divided into two groups. In one group, intercessors pray for the health of the patients. In the other group, patients are not prayed for. Patients do not know that they are being prayed for,
5.30 Randomization at work. To demonstrate how randomization reduces confounding, consider the following situation. A nutrition experimenter intends to compare the weight gain of prematurely born infants fed Diet A with those fed Diet B. To do this, she will feed each diet to 10 prematurely born
5.29 Traumatic brain injuries and suicide. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) can have serious long-term consequences, including psychiatric disorders. To determine if there is a relation between TBI and the risk of suicide, researchers examined the medical records of 7,418,391 individuals living in
2. Another researcher finds 2000 postmenopausal women who are willing to participate in a study. She assigns 1000 of the women to a regular program of supervised exercise.The other 1000 continue their usual habits. The researcher follows both groups for five years.
1. A researcher finds 1000 postmenopausal women who exercise regularly. She matches each with a similar postmenopausal woman who does not exercise regularly, and she follows both groups for five years.
5.28 Exercise and bone loss. Does regular exercise reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women? Here are two ways to study this question. Which design will produce more trustworthy data? Explain why.
5.27 Prayer and meditation. You read in a magazine that “nonphysical treatments such as meditation and prayer have been shown to be effective in controlled scientific studies for such ailments as high blood pressure, insomnia, ulcers, and asthma.” Explain in simple language what the article
5.26 Treating prostate disease. A large study used records from Canada’s national health care system to compare the effectiveness of two ways to treat prostate disease. The two treatments are traditional surgery and a new method that does not require surgery. The records described many patients
5.25 Let them eat chocolate. There is some evidence that cocoa has beneficial effects on heart health. To study this, researchers decide to give subjects either a cocoa pill or a placebo daily for a two-year period. Measurements of the subjects’ heart health before and after the two-year period
5.24 Statistical significance. A study, mandated by Congress when it passed No Child Left Behind in 2002, evaluated 15 reading and math software products used by 9424 students in 132 schools across the country during the 2004–2005 school year. It is the largest study that has compared students
5.23 Statistical significance. Exercise 5.19 describes a randomized comparative experiment to determine the effect of the pitch of a voice in a radio advertisement for a new sandwich on the perceived size of the sandwich. The researchers concluded that there was a statistically significant effect
5.22 Treating drunk drivers. Once a person has been convicted of drunk driving, one purpose of court-mandated treatment or punishment is to prevent future offenses of the same kind. Suggest three different treatments that a court might require. Then outline the design of an experiment to compare
5.21 Sounds big. Consider again the voice pitch experiment of Exercise 5.19.a. Use a diagram to describe a randomized comparative experimental design for this experiment.b. Assume there were 20 subjects used in the experiment. Use software or Table A, starting at line 120, to do the randomization
5.20 Reducing health care spending. Will people spend less on health care if their health insurance requires them to pay some part of the cost themselves? An experiment on this issue asked if the percentage of medical costs that is paid by health insurance has an effect both on the amount of
5.19 Sounds big. Does a lower pitch of a voice in an ad lead consumers to envision a bigger product? To test this, researchers had students listen to a radio advertisement for the new Southwest Turkey Club Sandwich at a fictitious sandwich chain, Cosmo. Half the students were randomly assigned to
5.18 The safest level of drinking is none. The news site, Vox, reported on a study in the journal Lancet. Researchers looked at 700 studies from around the world, involving millions of people, and concluded that “the safest level of drinking is none.” The study found that the more people drank
5.17 Conserving energy. Example 5 describes an experiment to learn whether providing households with electronic meters or with an app will reduce their electricity consumption.An executive of the electric company objects to including a control group. He says, “It would be cheaper to just compare
5.16 Do antioxidants prevent cancer? People who eat lots of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of colon cancer than those who eat little of these foods. Fruits and vegetables are rich in “antioxidants” such as vitamins A, C, and E. Will taking antioxidants help prevent colon cancer? A
5.15 Learning on the Web. The discussion following Example 1 notes that the Nova Southeastern University study does not tell us much about Web versus classroom learning because the students who chose the Web version were much better prepared. Describe the design of an experiment to get better
5.14 The pen is mightier than the keyboard, continued.a. Outline the design of Exercise 5.12 for the experiment to compare the two treatments(laptop note-taking and longhand note-taking) that students received for taking notes.When you outline the design of an experiment, be sure to indicate the
5.13 Neighborhood’s effect on grades. To study the effect of neighborhood on academic performance, 1000 families were given federal housing vouchers to move out of their lowincome neighborhoods. No improvement in the academic performance of the children in the families was found one year after
5.12 The pen is mightier than the keyboard. Is longhand note-taking more effective for learning than taking notes on a laptop? Researchers at two universities studied this issue. In one of the studies, 65 students listened to five talks. Students were randomly assigned either a laptop or a notebook
5.11 Aspirin and heart attacks. Can aspirin help prevent heart attacks? The Physicians’Health Study, a large medical experiment involving 22,000 male physicians, attempted to answer this question. One group of about 11,000 physicians took an aspirin every second day, while the rest took a
5.10 Is obesity contagious? A study closely followed a large social network of 12,067 people for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003. The researchers found that when a person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too. The researchers reported that obesity can spread from person to person,
5.9 Unhappy marriage, unhappy gut. An article in Newsweek reported that, to investigate how an unhappy marriage can affect an individual’s health, scientists recruited 43 healthy couples between 24 and 61 years old who had been married for at least three years.The researchers asked couples to
5.8 Birth month and health. A Columbus Dispatch article reported that researchers at the Columbia University Department of Medicine examined records for an incredible 1.75 million patients born between 1900 and 2000 who had been treated at Columbia University Medical Center. Using statistical
5.7 Digital media and ADHD. Researchers identified 2587 10th grade students in the Los Angeles area who did not have significant symptoms of ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). These students were followed for approximately two years.The frequency with which each student used digital
5.6 Randomized comparative experiment? For which of the following studies would it be possible to conduct a randomized comparative experiment?a. A study to determine if the month you were born in affects how long you will live.b. A study to determine if taking Tylenol dulls your emotions.c. A study
5.5 Statistical significance. In the study described in Exercise 5.2, researchers found that there was a statistically significant difference in longevity between those whose obituary mentioned religious activities and those whose obituary did not. Those whose obituary mentioned religious
5.4 Lurking variables. People who are active in religious activities are less likely to smoke or drink excessively than people who are not active in religious activities. In the study described in Exercise 5.2,a. smoking is a lurking variable, but excessive drinking is not.b. excessive drinking is
5.3 Observational study or experiment? The study described in Exercise 5.2 isa. a randomized comparative experiment.b. an experiment, but not a randomized experiment.c. an observational study.d. neither an experiment nor an observational study but, instead, a sample survey.
5.2 Explanatory and response variables. Does church attendance lengthen people’s lives?One study of the effect of attendance at religious services gathered data from 2001 obituaries.The researchers measured whether the obituary mentioned religious activities and length of life. Which of the
WTV4.6. Based on this additional piece of evidence, what is a possible explanation for the sudden decrease in the number of people who identify as homosexual or bisexual from teenagers to adulthood in this survey?What’s the verdict? Response errors can undermine the results of otherwise
WTV4.5. What type of error is it when the survey question is worded in a confusing way?The researchers did look at some of the other health questions that the same teenagers (and later adults) were asked in the surveys, and they found something else interesting: “Most of the kids who first
WTV4.4. Does your answer to the question above change if you want to follow up with these same teenagers as they become adults?In follow-up surveys, researchers noticed that when these same teenagers were surveyed again as adults, over 70% of those teens (mostly males) who were identified as
WTV4.3. How would you collect data about sexual behavior and identity to get the most accurate answers?
WTV4.2. How would you get a nationally representative sample of U.S. teenagers?
WTV4.1. Researchers recognized that questions about sexuality are sensitive and thus worded their question in the study in terms of both-sex or same-sex romantic attraction. In general, what could be some challenges in asking teenagers about their sexual identity and behavior?
4.39 Minorities and police. Here are three questions from an April 2018 Quinnipiac University Poll that deal with similar issues, along with the poll results:Do you think the police in the United States are generally tougher on whites than on blacks, tougher on blacks than on whites, or do the
4.38 Mall interviews. Example 1 in Chapter 2 (page 22) describes mall interviewing. This is an example of a convenience sample. Why do mall interviews not produce probability samples?
4.37 Sampling students. You want to investigate the attitudes of students at your school toward the school’s policy on extra fees for lab courses. You have a grant that will pay the costs of contacting about 500 students.a. Specify the exact population for your study. For example, will you
4.36 Planning a survey of students. The student government plans to ask a random sample of students their opinions about on-campus parking. The university provides a list of the 20,000 enrolled students to serve as a sampling frame.a. How would you choose an SRS of 200 students?b. How would you
4.35 Systematic isn’t simple. Exercise 4.34 describes a systematic random sample. Like an SRS, a systematic sample gives all individuals the same chance to be chosen. Explain why this is true, then explain carefully why a systematic sample is nonetheless not an SRS.
4.34 Systematic random samples. The last stage of the Current Population Survey(Example 7) uses a systematic random sample. The following example will illustrate the idea of a systematic sample. Suppose that we must choose 4 rooms out of the 100 rooms in a dormitory. Because 100/4=25, we can think
4.33 Online courses in high schools? What do adults believe about requiring online courses in high schools? Are opinions different in urban, suburban, and rural areas? To find out, researchers wanted to ask adults this question:It has become common for education courses after high school to be
4.32 Multistage sampling. An article in the journal Science looks at differences in attitudes toward genetically modified foods between Europe and the United States. This calls for sample surveys. The European survey chose a sample of 1000 adults in each of 17 European countries. Here’s part of
4.31 Appraising a poll. Exercise 4.22 gives part of the description of a sample survey from the NBC News|GenForward. It appears that the sample was taken in several stages. Why can we say this? The first stage no doubt used a stratified sample, though the NBC survey does not say this. Explain why
4.30 A sampling paradox? Example 8 compares two SRSs of a university’s undergraduate and graduate students. The sample of undergraduates contains a smaller fraction of the population, 1 out of 90, versus 1 out of 15 for graduate students. Yet sampling 1 out of 90 undergraduates gives a smaller
4.29 Sampling by accountants. Accountants use stratified samples during audits to verify a company’s records of such things as accounts receivable. The stratification is based on the dollar amount of the item and often includes 100% sampling of the largest items. One company reports 5000 accounts
4.28 A stratified sample. A state university has 4900 in-state students and 2100 out-ofstate students. A financial aid officer wants to poll the opinions of a random sample of students. In order to give adequate attention to the opinions of out-of-state students, the financial aid officer decides
4.27 A stratified sample. A club has 30 student members and 10 faculty members. The students are Aguirre Cooper Kemp Peralta Stankiewicz Butterfield Dobbs Kessler Risser Steele Caporuscio Freeman Koepnick Rodriguez Tong Carlson Girard Macha Ryndak White Chilson Gonzales Makis Soria Williams Clement
4.26 A party poll. At a party there are 20 students over age 21 and 40 students under age 21.You choose at random 2 of those over 21 and separately choose at random 4 of those under 21 to interview about attitudes toward alcohol. You have given every student at the party the same chance to be
4.25 Did you vote? When the Current Population Survey asked the adults in its sample of 60,000 households if they voted in the 2016 presidential election, 56% said they had. The margin of error was less than 0.3%. In fact, only 55% of the adult population voted in that election. Why do you think
4.24 Telling the truth? Many subjects don’t give honest answers to questions about activities that are illegal or sensitive in some other way. One study divided a large group of white adults into thirds at random. All were asked if they had ever used cocaine. The first group was interviewed by
4.23 Closed versus open questions. Two basic types of questions are closed questions and open questions. A closed question asks the subject for one or more of a fixed set of responses. An open question allows the subject to answer in his or her own words; the interviewer writes down the responses
4.22 Appraising a poll. In May–June 2018, an NBC News/GenForward poll asked the question “Do you personally know someone who has dealt with an opioid addiction?”The article noted 42% of millennials know someone who has dealt with opioid addiction.The description of this poll on the main
4.21 Appraising a poll. In May 2018, an NBC News/SurveyMonkey poll asked about racism in American society and American politics. The question asked respondents to choose one of the following: “racism remains a major problem in our society, racism exists today but is not a major problem, racism
4.20 Bad survey questions. Write your own examples of bad sample survey questions.a. Write a biased question designed to get one answer rather than another.b. Write a question that is confusing, so that it is hard to answer.
4.19 Wording survey questions. Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response? (Survey questions on issues that one might regard as inflammatory are often prone to slanted wording.)a. Which of the following best
4.18 Legal marijuana use. Recently, the issue of the legalization of marijuana has been appearing on more state ballots. In April 2018, a Quinnipiac University poll asked two questions about legal marijuana use. Here are the two questions:Do you think that the use of marijuana should be made legal
4.17 Amending the Constitution. You are writing an opinion poll question about a proposed amendment to the Constitution. You can ask if people are in favor of “changing the Constitution” or “adding to the Constitution” by approving the amendment.a. Why do you think the responses to these
4.16 The environment and the economy. Here are two opinion poll questions asked about protecting the environment versus protecting the economy.Often there are trade-offs or sacrifices people must make in deciding what is important to them. Generally speaking, when a trade-off has to be made, which
4.15 Race relations. Here are two recent opinion poll questions asked about race relations in the United States.Would you say relations between whites and blacks are very good, somewhat good, somewhat bad, or very bad?Do you think race relations in the United States are generally good or generally
4.14 Ring-no-answer. A common form of non-response in telephone surveys is “ring-noanswer.”That is, a call is made to an active number but no one answers. The Italian National Statistical Institute looked at nonresponse to a government survey of households in Italy during the periods January 1
4.13 Polling customers. An online store chooses an SRS of 100 customers from its list of all people who have bought something from the store in the last year. It asks those selected how satisfied they are with the store’s website. If it selected two SRSs of 100 customers at the same time, the two
4.12 College parents. An online survey of college parents was conducted during February and March 2007. Emails were sent to 41,000 parents who were listed in either the College Parents of America database or the Student Advantage database. Parents were invited to participate in the online survey.
4.11 Not in the margin of error. According to an April 2018 survey, a majority of employed American adults (59%) are confident about their job security, stating it is not at all likely for them to lose their job or be laid off in the next 12 months. The survey methods section of the poll states:For
4.10 Not in the margin of error. According to a December 2017 Gallup Poll, 7% of American adults report soccer as their favorite sport, up from 4% in June 2013 and just 2% in April 1997. This may seem low to you, but the United States is catching up to the rest of the world in its interest in
4.9 What kind of error? Each of the following is a source of error in a sample survey. Label each as sampling error or nonsampling error, and explain your answers.a. The telephone directory is used as a sampling frame.b. The subject cannot be contacted in five calls.c. Interviewers choose people on
4.8 What kind of error? Which of the following are sources of sampling error and which are sources of nonsampling error? Explain your answers.a. The subject lies about past illegal drug use.b. A typing error is made in recording the data.c. Data are gathered by asking people to go to a website and
4.7 Sampling considerations. A Statistics class has 10 graduate students and 40 undergraduate students. You want to randomly sample 10% of the students in the class. One graduate student and four undergraduate students are selected at random. Which of the following is not correct?a. Because each
4.6 Question wording. Which of the following represents wording that will most likely not influence the answers?a. Do you think that all instances of academic misconduct should be reported to the dean?b. Academic misconduct undermines the integrity of the university and education in general. Do you
4.5 Sampling issues. A sample of households in a community is selected at random from the telephone directory. In this community, 4% of households have no telephone, 10% have only cell phones, and another 25% have unlisted telephone numbers. The sample will certainly suffer froma. nonresponse.b.
4.4 What kind of sample? Archaeologists plan to examine a sample of 2-meter square plots near an ancient Greek city for artifacts visible in the ground. They choose separate samples of plots from floodplain, coast, foothills, and high hills. What kind of sample is this?a. A simple random sampleb. A
4.3 What does the margin of error include? When a margin of error is reported for a survey, it includesa. random sampling error and other practical difficulties like undercoverage and nonresponse.b. random sampling error, but not other practical difficulties like undercoverage and nonresponse.c.
3.40 Simulation. Random digits can be used to simulate the results of random sampling.Suppose that you are drawing simple random samples of size 25 from a large number of college students and that 20% of the students are unemployed during the summer. To simulate this SRS, generate 25 random digits
3.39 Who is to blame? A May 2018 POLITICO/Morning Consult poll surveyed 1993 registered voters and asked who is to blame for mass shootings in the United States. Of the 1993 respondents, 1220 blame illegal gun dealers for mass shootings in the United States. Of the subset of 945 registered voters
3.38 Detoxing from social media. The Harris Poll recently asked a sample of 2043 adults in the United States which social media app they found the hardest to stay away from. Fortynine percent of respondents found Facebook the most difficult social media app to ignore.The last bit of information the
3.37 The Current Population Survey. Though opinion polls usually make 95% confidence statements, some sample surveys use other confidence levels. The monthly unemployment rate, for example, is based on the Current Population Survey of about 60,000 households.The margin of error in the unemployment
3.36 Satisfying Congress. Exercise 3.19 describes a sample survey of 1028 adults, with margin of error ±4% for 95% confidence.a. A member of Congress thinks that 95% confidence is not enough. He wants to be 99%confident. How would the margin of error for 99% confidence based on the same sample
3.35 Smaller margin of error. Exercise 3.28 describes an opinion poll that interviewed 1028 people. Suppose that you want a margin of error half as large as the one you found in that exercise. How many people must you plan to interview?
3.34 Moral uncertainty versus statistical uncertainty. In Exercise 3.33 and in the Case Study, we examined polls involving controversial issues, either from a moral or personal liberty perspective (we will call this “moral uncertainty”). In both polls, national opinion was divided, suggesting
3.33 Legalizing marijuana. An April 2018 Quinnipiac University Poll surveyed 1193 American voters and found that 63% support legalizing marijuana in the United States, an increase of 2% from an August 2017 survey. Make a confidence statement about the percentage of all American voters who thought
3.32 Belief in a higher power. A Pew Research Center Survey conducted in December 2017 reports that 32% of a sample of 4729 adults said they believe in a higher power or spiritual force in the universe other than the God of the Bible.a. Use the quick and approximate method to estimate the margin of
3.31 Find the margin of error. Exercise 3.15 describes a sample survey of 61,239 adults living in Ontario. Estimate the margin of error for conclusions having 95% confidence about the entire adult population of Ontario.
3.30 Find the margin of error. Exercise 3.28 concerns a Gallup Poll sample of 1028 people.Use the quick and approximate method to estimate the margin of error for statements about the population of all U.S. adults. Is your result close to the ±4% margin of error announced by Gallup?
3.29 Find the margin of error. Example 6 tells us that a SurveyUSA Poll asked 581 likely voters in Kansas which presidential candidate they would vote for; 47% said they would vote for Donald Trump. Use the quick and approximate method to estimate the margin of error for conclusions about all
3.28 The death penalty. In October 2017, the Gallup Poll asked a sample of 1028 U.S.adults, “Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder?” The proportion who said they were in favor was 55%.a. Approximately how many of the 1028 people interviewed said they were in
3.27 Explaining confidence. A student reads that we are 90% confident that the average score of those of two or more races on the 2017 SAT is between 800 and 1410. Asked to explain the meaning of this statement, the student says, “90% of all those of two or more races have 2017 SAT scores between
3.26 Legal immigration poll. The sample survey described in Exercise 3.25 asked 1520 randomly selected American adults about immigration in general and 755 randomly selected American adults about legal immigration. The poll announced a margin of error of ±3 percentage points for 95% confidence in
3.25 Immigration poll. A June 2018 Gallup poll asked 1520 randomly selected American adults whether they felt immigration is a good thing or a bad thing for the United States. The poll found that 75% of the respondents said that immigration is a good thing for the United States.a. The poll
3.24 Sampling in the states. An agency of the federal government plans to take an SRS of residents in each state to estimate the proportion of owners of real estate in each state’s population. The populations of the states range from about 563,600 people in Wyoming to about 37.3 million in
3.23 Take a bigger sample. A management student is planning a project on student attitudes toward part-time work while attending college. She develops a questionnaire and plans to ask 25 randomly selected students to fill it out. Her faculty adviser approves the questionnaire but suggests that the
3.22 Predict the election. Just before a presidential election, a national opinion poll increases the size of its weekly sample from the usual 1000 people to 4000 people. Does the larger random sample reduce the bias of the poll result? Does it reduce the variability of the result?
3.21 Is a larger sample size always better? A politician asked his constituents via a Facebook poll to help him decide how he should vote on a bill that would establish 150m Protester Exclusion Zones around abortion clinics in New South Wales, Australia. On his Facebook page, Philip Donato stated
3.20 Bias and variability. Figure 3.5 shows the behavior of a sample statistic in many samples in four situations. These graphs are like those in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. That is, the heights of the bars show how often the sample statistic took various values in many samples from the same population.
3.19 Health care cost. A November 2017 Gallup Poll of 1028 U.S. adults found that 627 are satisfied with the total cost they pay for their health care. The announced margin of error is ±4 percentage points. The announced confidence level is 95%.a. What is the value of the sample proportion p^ who
3.18 Sampling variability. In thinking about Gallup’s sample of size 1015, we asked,“Could it happen that one random sample finds that 54% of adults feel that childhood vaccination is extremely important and a second random sample finds that only 42% favor one?” Look at Figure 3.2, which
3.17 Bigger samples, please. Explain in your own words the advantages of bigger random samples in a sample survey.
3.16 Environmental problems. A Gallup Poll found that 62% of American adults “believe the U.S. government is not doing enough to protect the environment.” Gallup’s report said,“Results for this Gallup poll are based on telephone interviews conducted March 1–8, 2018, with a random sample

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