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Statistics Concepts And Controversies 10th Edition David S. Moore, William I. Notz - Solutions
11.15 Twins money. Table 11.4 gives the salaries of the players on the Minnesota Twins baseball team for the 2018 season. Make a histogram of these data. Is the distribution roughly symmetric, skewed to the right, or skewed to the left? Explain.Table 11.4 Salaries of the Minnesota Twins, 2018
11.14 Commute times. How long does it take to commute to work? Table 11.3 gives the mean travel time to work, in minutes, in each of the 50 states in 2016. Display the distribution in a graph and briefly describe its shape, center, and variability.Table 11.3 Mean travel time to work in minutes,
11.13 Automobile fuel economy. Government regulations require automakers to give the city and highway gas mileages for each model of car. Table 11.2 gives the combined highway and city mileages (miles per gallon) for 31 model year 2015 sedans. Make a stemplot of the combined gas mileages of these
11.12 The Kentucky Derby. On the first Saturday in May, the Kentucky Derby takes place at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. A total of 20 horses race in the Kentucky Derby, and they race around a track that is 1.25 miles long. Figure 11.14 shows the speeds (in miles per hour, or mph) for all
11.11 Returns on common stocks. The total return on a stock is the change in its market price plus any dividend payments made. Total return is usually expressed as a percentage of the beginning price. Figure 11.13 is a histogram of the distribution of total returns for all 1528 common stocks listed
11.10 The Super Bowl MVP. When the New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2017, Tom Brady, at 39 years of age, became the oldest player in National Football League (NFL)history to be named a Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (or MVP). Figure 11.12 is a histogram of the ages of players who have
11.9 Where do 18- to 44-year-olds live? Figure 11.11 is a stemplot of the percentage of residents aged 18 to 44 in each of the 50 states in 2010. As in Figure 11.6 (page 253) for older residents, the stems are whole percents and the leaves are tenths of a percent.a. It turns out that Utah has the
11.8 Fast-food. If you go to the website for any fast-food chain, you can generally find information about the nutritional content of menu items. In February 2019, a sample of 130 menu items was selected from 13 popular fast-food chains, and the amount of carbohydrates(measured in grams) was
11.7 Shape of distributions In a certain town, most haircuts are between $10 and $20, but a few salons cater to high-end clients and charge $30 to $60. The distribution of haircut prices isa. Symmetricb. Skewed to the rightc. Skewed to the leftd. None of the above Chapter 11 Exercises
11.6 Shape of distributions Figure 11.9 contains exam scores for 75 students. What is the shape of the exam score distribution?a. Symmetricb. Skewed to the rightc. Skewed to the leftd. None of the above Figure 11.9 Histogram of the exam scores for 75 students.Data in the histogram are as
11.5 Stemplots An advantage of a stemplot over a histogram isa. they are good for really large data sets.b. they are horizontal.c. one can recover the actual observations from the display.d. the classes are chosen for you.
11.4 Histograms The heights of the bars on a relative frequency histogram displaying the lengths of rivers will add toa. 100%.b. the sample size.c. the sum of all the river lengths.d. the midpoint of the distribution.
11.3 Histograms Use a histogram whena. the number of observations is small.b. you want to look at the distribution of a quantitative variable.c. you want to look at the distribution of a categorical variable.d. you want to show the actual observations.
4. The data that inspired this case study can be found on the following website:https://www.abodo.com/blog/2017-annual-rent-report/. Go to this website and scroll down to the bottom of the website to see a table of data. Find the 2017 average onebedroom rental price for the location where you live,
3. In Dallas, Texas, the average rental price of a one-bedroom apartment is $1,190. Is this a low, high, or typical amount? Please explain.
2. Are there any outliers?
1. Describe the overall shape, the center, and the variability of the distribution.
10.32 The Boston Marathon. Women were allowed to enter the Boston Marathon in 1972.The time (in minutes, rounded to the nearest minute) for each winning woman from 1972 to 2018 appears in Table 10.4.a. Make a graph of the winning times.b. Give a brief description of the pattern of Boston Marathon
10.31 Yields of money market funds. Many people invest in money market funds. These are mutual funds that attempt to maintain a constant price of $1 per share while paying monthly interest. Table 10.3 gives the average annual interest rates (in percent) paid by all taxable money market funds from
10.30 Accidental deaths. In 2015, there were 146,571 deaths from unintentional injury in the United States. Among these were 47,478 deaths from poisoning, 37,757 from motor vehicle accidents, 33,381 from falls, 6,914 from suffocation, and 3,602 from drowning.a. Find the percentage of accidental
10.29 Bad habits. According to the National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health, when asked in 2016, 23.5% of those aged 18 to 25 years used cigarettes in the past month, 5.2% used smokeless tobacco, 23.2% used illicit drugs, and 38.4% engaged in binge alcohol drinking. Explain why it is not
10.28 Crime in New York City. Here are the numbers of robberies in New York City, according to the New York Police Department (NYPD), for 2000 through 2017. Display these data in a graph. What are the most important facts that the data show?Year: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Count: 32,562 28,202 27,229
10.27 Who sells cars? Make a bar graph of the data in Exercise 10.26. What advantage does your new graph have over the pie chart in Figure 10.20?
10.26 Who sells cars? Figure 10.20 is a pie chart of the percentage of passenger car sales in 2016 by various manufacturers. The artist has tried to make the graph attractive by using the wheel of a car for the “pie.” Is the graph still a correct display of the data? Explain your answer.Figure
10.25 Trucks versus cars. Do consumers prefer trucks, SUVs, and minivans to passenger cars? Here are data on sales and leases of new cars and trucks in the United States from 1996 to 2010. (The definition of “truck” includes SUVs and minivans.) Plot two line graphs on the same axes to compare
10.24 The sunspot cycle. Some plots against time show cycles of up-and-down movements.Figure 10.19 is a line graph of the average number of sunspots on the sun’s visible face for each month from 1900 to 2011. What is the approximate length of the sunspot cycle? That is, how many years are there
10.23 Counting employed people. Consider a news article that states more Americans were working in June than any other month. The article goes on to say, “The report that employment plunged in June, with nonfarm payrolls declining by 117,000, helped to persuade the Federal Reserve to cut interest
10.22 Sales are up. The sales at your new gift shop in December are double the November value. Should you conclude that your shop is growing more popular and will soon make you rich? Explain your answer.
10.21 Seasonal variation. You examine the average temperature in Chicago each month for many years. Do you expect a line graph of the data to show seasonal variation? Describe the kind of seasonal variation you expect to see.
10.20 A bad graph? Figure 10.18 shows a graph that appeared in the Lexington(Ky.) Herald-Leader on October 5, 1975. Discuss the correctness of this graph.Figure 10.18 A newspaper’s graph of the value of the British pound, Exercise 10.20.The horizontal axis has values 1925, 1939, 1949, 1967, 1971,
10.19 Educational attainment by sex. Figure 10.17 is a side-by-side bar graph of educational attainment, by sex, for those aged 25 years and older. These data were collected in the 2017 Current Population Survey. Compare educational attainment for males and females. Comment on any patterns you
10.18 Civil disorders. The years around 1970 brought unrest to many U.S. cities. Here are government data on the number of civil disturbances in each three-month period during the years 1968 to 1972.a. Make a line graph of these data.b. The data show both a longer-term trend and seasonal variation
10.17 Order matters. A common statistic considered by administration at universities is credit hour production. This is calculated by taking the credit hours for a course taught times the student enrollment. For example, a faculty member teaching two 3-credit courses with 50 students each would
10.16 College majors. A report by the National Center for Education Statistics presented data on the percentage of bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in the United States, by field of study, in 2016. The results: 5.9%, biology and biomedical sciences;19.4%, business; 4.5%,
10.15 The cost of imported oranges. Figure 10.15 is a line graph of the average cost of imported oranges each month from July 1995 to April 2012. These data are the price in U.S.dollars per metric ton.a. The graph shows strong seasonal variation. How is this visible in the graph? Why would you
10.14 International students. The Institute of International Education (IIE) collects data each year about international students who attend college or university in the United States.In their 2018 Open Doors report, the IIE reported that 33.2% of international students came to the United States
10.13 Attitudes on same-sex marriage. Attitudes on same-sex marriage have changed over time, but they also differ according to age. Figure 10.14 shows change in the attitudes on same-sex marriage for four generational cohorts. The y axis in this figure shows the proportion in each generational
10.12 We pay high interest. Figure 10.13 shows a graph taken from an advertisement for an investment that promises to pay a higher interest rate than bank accounts and other competing investments. Is this graph a correct comparison of the four interest rates? Explain your answer.Figure 10.13
10.11 Marital status. In the U.S. Census Bureau document America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2017, we find these data on the marital status of American women aged 15 years and older as of 2017:Current marital status Count (thousands)Never married 39,087 Married 65,193 Widowed 11,642
10.10 Consistency? Table 10.2 shows how Illinois State Lottery sales are divided among different types of games. What is the sum of the amounts spent on the 11 types of games?Why is this sum not exactly equal to the total given in the table?
10.9 Lottery sales. States sell lots of lottery tickets. Table 10.2 shows where the money comes from in the state of Illinois. Make a bar graph that shows the distribution of lottery sales by type of game. Is it also proper to make a pie chart of these data? Explain.Table 10.2 Illinois State
10.8 Bar graph For a bar graph to be accuratea. the bars should be vertical rather than horizontal.b. the bars should have equal height.c. the bars must touch each other.d. the bars should have equal width.Chapter 10 Exercises
10.7 Which graph? You want to show how the price of cable television has changed over the years. You should use aa. pie chart.b. bar graph.c. line graph.d. side-by-side bar graph.
10.6 Which graph? You have the average SAT score of entering freshman for five universities. The best graphical display for these data would be aa. pie chart.b. bar graph.c. line graph.d. side-by-side bar graph.
10.5 Distributions A recent report on the religious affiliation of Hispanics says 55% are Catholic, 22% Protestant, 18% unafilliated, and 4% other. This adds up to 99%. You concludea. the remaining 1% are not accounted for.b. there was a calculation or data entry error.c. this is due to roundoff
10.4 Line Graph Which of the following is not acceptable for a line graph?a. Having lines that crossb. Having equally spaced time intervalsc. Having time intervals that are not equally spacedd. Including seasonal variation
10.3 Categorical and quantitative variables A survey was conducted and respondents were asked what color car they drive and how many miles they travel per day. The variable type for “car color” and “miles per day” area. both categorical.b. both quantitative.c. car color is quantitative,
I.26 An implausible number? Newsweek once said in a story that a woman who is not currently married at age 40 has a better chance of being killed by a terrorist than of getting married. Do you think this is plausible? What kind of data would help you check this claim?
I.25 Percentage decrease. On Monday, September 10, 2001 (the day before the September 11 attacks), the NASDAQ stock index closed the day at 1695. By the end of Monday, September 17, 2001 (the first full day of trading after the attacks), the NASDAQ stock index had dropped to 1580. By what
I.24 Percents up and down. Between October 14, 2017, and October 14, 2018, the average price of regular gasoline increased from $2.46 per gallon to $2.90 per gallon.a. Verify that this is almost an 18% increase in price.b. If the price of gasoline decreases by 18% from its October 14, 2018, level
I.23 Observation or experiment? Can medical cannabis combat the opioid epidemic? An online article in Leafly describes a study conducted by scientists at the University of New Mexico. The study compared opioid use by a group of patients with chronic back pain. Some of these patients had been
I.22 Observation or experiment? The Nurses’ Health Study has queried a sample of more than 100,000 female registered nurses every two years since 1976. Beginning in 1980, the study asked questions about diet, including alcohol consumption. The researchers concluded that “light-to-moderate
I.21 Reliability. You are laboring through a chemistry laboratory assignment in which you measure the conductivity of a solution. What does it mean for your measurement to be reliable? How can you improve the reliability of your final result? (Hint: See pages 171–174.)
I.20 Measuring. Joni wants to measure the degree to which male college students belong to the political left. She decides simply to measure the length of their hair—longer hair will mean more left-wing.a. Is this method likely to be reliable? Why?b. This measurement appears to be invalid. Why?c.
I.19 Ethics. What are the three first principles of data ethics? Explain briefly what the medical study must do to apply each of these principles. (Hint: See pages 135–137.)
I.18 Design an experiment. Use a diagram to outline the design of the experiment in this medical study.
I.17 Experiment basics. Identify the subjects, the explanatory variable, and several response variables for this study. (Hint: See pages 89–93.)
I.16 Know these terms. Explain in one sentence each what “randomized,“ “double-blind,”“placebo-controlled,” and “clinical trial” mean in the description of the design of the study.
I.15 Design an experiment. Gary and Greg disagree on which burger chain makes the best fries. Gary likes McDonald’s fries but Greg prefers Burger King’s. Gary and Greg recruit 20 friends who are willing to participate in a taste test. Outline the design of an experiment to decide which burger
I.14 Design an experiment. A university’s Department of Statistics wants to attract more majors. It prepares two advertising brochures. Brochure A stresses the intellectual excitement of statistics. Brochure B stresses how much money statisticians make. Which will be more attractive to first-year
I.13 What kind of sample? At a party, there are 30 students over age 21 and 20 students under age 21. You choose at random 6 of those over 21 and separately choose at random 4 of those under 21 to interview about attitudes toward alcohol. You have given every student at the party the same chance to
I.12 Find the margin of error. The Accelerating Acceptance report mentioned in Exercise I.11 also found an increase in discrimination against LGBTQ people. A majority, 55%, of LGBTQ persons reported having experienced discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. This was based on
I.11 Find the margin of error. Accelerating Acceptance 2018 was published by GLAAD with the results of surveys conducted by the Harris Poll in November 2017. The Accelerating Acceptance report is the “first-of-its-kind index to measure American attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual,
I.10 Errors in surveys. A Gallup Poll found that 46% of American smartphone users agree with the statement, “I can’t imagine my life without my smartphone.” The Gallup press release says:Results of attitudes and behaviors of smartphone usage are based on 15,747 members of the Gallup Panel who
I.9 Errors in surveys. Exercises I.7 and I.8 each mention a source of error in a sample survey. Would each kind of error be reduced by doubling the size of the sample with no other changes in the survey procedures? Explain your answers. (Hint: See pages 45–48 and pages 61–65.)
I.8 Errors in surveys. A college chooses an SRS of 100 students from the registrar’s list of all undergraduates to interview about student life. If it selected two SRSs of 100 students at the same time, the two samples would give somewhat different results. Is this variation a source of sampling
I.7 Errors in surveys. An overnight opinion poll calls randomly selected telephone numbers.This polling method misses all people without a phone. Is this a source of nonsampling error or of sampling error? Does the poll’s announced margin of error take this source of error into account? (Hint:
I.6 Errors in surveys. Give an example of a source of nonsampling error in a sample survey.Then give an example of a source of sampling error.
I.5 Select an SRS. An outside review team is visiting the history department to assess the quality of its undergraduate major. The department chair wants to select four senior undergraduate majors to meet with the review team. She decides to select these four students by taking an SRS of size 4
I.4 Select an SRS. A student at a large universitywants to study the responses that students receive when calling an academic department for information. She selects an SRS of four departments from the following list for her study. Use the Simple Random Sample applet, other software, or Table A,
I.3 A Twitter poll. In July 2018, CSPAN ran a poll on Twitter in which they asked, “Do you SUPPORT or OPPOSE the nomination of Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court?”The final result was 54% SUPPORT, 39% OPPOSE, and 7% UNDECIDED. The number of votes received was 42, 145. Explain why these
I.2 Know these terms. A friend who knows no statistics has encountered some statistical terms in her biology course. Explain each of the following terms in one or two simple sentences.a. Observational studyb. Double-blindc. Nonsampling errord. Block design
I.1 Know these terms. A friend who knows no statistics has encountered some statistical terms in reading for her psychology course. Explain each of the following terms in one or two simple sentences.a. Simple random sample (Hint: See pages 24–29.)b. 95% confidence (Hint: See pages 45–46.)c.
9.31 Obesity and income. An article in the November 3, 2009, issue of the Guardian reported, “A separate opinion poll yesterday suggested that 50% of obese people earn less than the national average income.” Income has a distribution that is such that more than 50%of all workers would earn less
9.30 Boating safety. Data on accidents in recreational boating in the U.S. Coast Guard’s Recreational Boating Statistics Report show that the number of deaths has dropped from 685 in 2007 to 658 in 2017. The number of injuries reported also fell from 3673 in 2007 to 2629 in 2017. Why does it make
9.29 Being on top also matters. The previous exercise noted that median household income increased slightly between 2007 and 2017. The top 5% of households earned $209,773 or more in 2007 and $237,034 or more in 2017. It is important to note that these amounts are both in dollars of 2017 buying
9.28 Where you start matters. When comparing numbers over time, you can slant the comparison by choosing your starting point. Say the Chicago Cubs lose five games, then win four, then lose one. You can truthfully say that the Cubs have lost 6 of their last 10 games(sounds bad) or that they have won
9.27 Too good to be true? The late English psychologist Cyril Burt was known for his studies of the IQ scores of identical twins who were raised apart. The high correlation between the IQs of separated twins in Burt’s studies pointed to heredity as a major factor in IQ. (“Correlation”
9.26 No eligible men? A news report quotes a sociologist as saying that for every 233 unmarried women in their 40s in the United States, there are only 100 unmarried men in their 40s. These numbers point to an unpleasant social situation for women of that age. Are the numbers plausible? (Optional:
9.25 In the garden. Organic Gardening magazine, describing how to improve your garden’s soil, said, “Since a 6-inch layer of soil in a 100-square-foot plot weighs about 45,000 pounds, adding 230 pounds of compost will give you an instant 5% organic matter.”a. What percent of 45,000 is 230?b.
9.24 How many miles of highways? Organic Gardening magazine once said that “the U.S.Interstate Highway System spans 3.9 million miles and is wearing out 50% faster than it can be fixed. Continuous road deterioration adds $7 billion yearly in fuel costs to motorists.” The distance from the East
9.23 Don’t dare to drive? In early 2019 several media outlets reported new statistics from the National Safety Council that revealed that, for the first time in history, Americans are more likely to die from an accidental opioid overdose than from motor vehicle crashes.According to the NSC, The
9.22 Are men more promiscuous? Are men more promiscuous by nature than women?Surveys seem to bear this out, with men reporting more sexual partners than women.On August 12, 2007, the New York Times reported the following.One survey, recently reported by the U.S. government, concluded that men had a
9.21 Reducing CO2 emissions. An online article reported the following:In order to limit warming to two degrees Celsius and permit development, several developed countries would have to reduce their emissions by more than 100 percent.Explain carefully why it is impossible to reduce anything by more
9.20 Poverty. The number of Americans living below the official poverty line increased from 35,574,000 to 39,698,000 in the 20 years between 1997 and 2017. What percentage increase was this? You should not conclude from these values alone that poverty became more common during this time period. Why
9.19 Stocks go down. On February 5, 2018, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 1175 points from its opening level of 25,521. This was the biggest one-day point decline ever. By what percentage did the Dow drop that day? On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 508 points
9.18 We can read, but can we count? The U.S. Census Bureau once gave a simple test of literacy in English to a random sample of 3400 people. The New York Times printed some of the questions under the headline “113% of Adults in U.S. Failed This Test.” Why is the percent in the headline clearly
9.17 Battered women? A letter to the editor of the New York Times complained about a Times editorial that said “an American woman is beaten by her husband or boyfriend every 15 seconds.” The writer of the letter claimed that “at that rate, 21 million women would be beaten by their husbands or
9.16 How many miles do we drive? Here is an excerpt from Robert Sullivan’s “A Slow-Road Movement?” in the Sunday magazine section of the New York Times on June 25, 2006:In 1956, Americans drove 628 million miles; in 2002, 2.8 billion… . In 1997, according to the Department of
9.15 Airport delays. An article in a midwestern newspaper about flight delays at major airports said:According to a Gannett News Service study of U.S. airlines’ performance during the past five months, Chicago’s O’Hare Field scheduled 114,370 flights. Nearly 10 percent, 1,136, were
9.14 Funny numbers. Here’s a quotation from a book review in a scientific journal:… a set of 20 studies with 57 percent reporting significant results, of which 42 percent agree on one conclusion while the remaining 15 percent favor another conclusion, often the opposite one.Do the numbers given
9.13 Trash at sea? A report on the problem of vacation cruise ships polluting the sea by dumping garbage overboard said:On a seven-day cruise, a medium-size ship (about 1,000 passengers) might accumulate 222,000 coffee cups, 72,000 soda cans, 40,000 beer cans and bottles, and 11,000 wine
9.12 Suicides among Vietnam veterans. Did the horrors of fighting in Vietnam drive many veterans of that war to suicide? A figure of 150,000 suicides among Vietnam veterans in the 20 years following the end of the war has been widely quoted. Explain why this number is not plausible. To help you,
9.11 Deer in the suburbs. Westchester County is a suburban area covering 438 square miles immediately north of New York City. A garden magazine claimed that the county is home to 800,000 deer. Do a calculation that shows this claim to be implausible.
9.10 Play fantasy sports and win. FanDuel and DraftKings are two popular fantasy sports providers that allow players to bet and (possibly) win money. Prior to a 2016 lawsuit against both providers, commercials about how you could win a lot of money with FanDuel or DraftKings were rampant. According
9.9 Advertising painkillers. Shortly after its release, an advertisement for the pain reliever Tylenol was headlined “Why Doctors Recommend Tylenol More Than All Leading Aspirin Brands Combined.” The makers of Bayer Aspirin, in a reply headlined “Makers of Tylenol, Shame on You!” accused
9.8 Drunk driving. A newspaper article on drunk driving cited data on traffic deaths in Rhode Island: “Forty-two percent of all fatalities occurred on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, apparently because of increased drinking on the weekends.” What percent of the week do Friday, Saturday, and
9.7 Classes on Fridays. A professor is concerned that not enough courses at his college hold class meetings on Fridays. After speaking with administrators, the professor finds out that 15% of courses have class meetings on Fridays. At this school, classes meet on either Monday-Wednesday-Friday or
9.6 Increasing test scores. The average score on an exam in organic chemistry was 60. The professor gave a retest and reported that the average score on the exam increased by 25%.This means that the average score on the retest wasa. 45.b. 75.c. 85.d. It is impossible to know without having all of
9.5 Decreasing household trash. A large city has started a new recycling program that aims to reduce household trash by 25% by educating residents about more household items that can be recycled. A friend of yours says, “This is great! The amount of recycling will increase by 25%. That’s a
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