Straight Talk About Communication Research Methods 3rd Edition Christine S Davis, Kenneth A Lachlan - Solutions

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7. The first step in both the deductive and in- ductive research processes identifying the research problem consists of identifying a communication issue, turning this into a preliminary question or set of questions, conducting a library search, and adjusting the question, if necessary.
6. Both the deductive and inductive research processes are circular and cyclical as the final step, asking new questions, starts the research process again.
5. The steps of the inductive research process are identifying the research problem, considering existing research findings, developing the research question, designing the methods and procedures, gathering data, analyzing and interpreting data, and developing a theoretical explanation.
4. The steps of the deductive process are identifying the research problem, reviewing existing theory, formulating a research question or hypothesis, designing the methods and procedures, gathering data, and analyzing and interpreting data.
3. Research can be a deductive or an inductive process.
2. Theory is developed and tested through research.
1. Researchers seek answers to questions.
5. It is not likely that any study will be exactly like the one you want to design and conduct. How can you adapt ideas from this article or chapter to your study? (Adapted from Berger, 2011).
4. What insights can you draw from the article or chapter? What is new, useful, or has implications for your research project?
3. What examples does the author give?
2. Identify the arguments the author is making. What evidence (i.e., data, theory) does the author present for those arguments?
1. Look for the definitions of important concepts and ideas.
10. What other issues have you found related to your primary one?
9. Are there reasons to replicate, or repeat, studies that have been conclusive?
8. What aspects of the issue have been ignored?
7. What questions about the issue have been answered?
6. What aspects of the issue received the most attention?
5. Where has research on the topic been published?
4. Who has done the most work on your issue?
3. In your basic search for references on communication in stepfamilies, you have found that communication scholar Paul Schrodt is the author of several studies. How do you interpret this information? How would you use this information in your detailed search?
2. Your question is "What nonverbal behaviors demonstrate confidence in public speaking?" What keywords would you use in your basic search? What synonyms could be used? Conduct this search and report on your findings.
1. Using the keywords media and ethics, perform a database search (e.g., Commu- nication and Mass Media Complete) available through your university library. Do the same keyword search on Google. How would you describe and explain the differences?
3. Has some critical event occurred or soci- etal value changed that could challenge the interpretation of the answers to the questions asked?
2. How recent or relevant is the material?
1. How much has been written on your issue?
8. If a source is quoted or paraphrased on the web page, is information about that source provided so you can independently verify the accuracy of the information?
7. How current is the website? Look for dates to indicate when the site was created and updated.
6. What is the purpose of the website? To inform? Persuade? Sell? Is advertising clearly labeled as such?
5. Are the author's credentials or affiliations displayed on the website?
4. Can you tell who (a person or institution) cre- ated the site? Is there a name, e-mail address, or an about us or contact us link? Where do those links take you?
3. Is this a personal website? One way to tell is to look for a tilde (~). Tildes often signify a personal website. If a tilde is used with an orga- nizational name, often what follows is the web- site of a specific person of that organization.
2. Who publishes or owns the site? How can you tell? Look for this information between http://and the next/.
1. What type of domain does the site come from? Generally,.edu and .gov sites are considered more trustworthy than .org and .com sites.
9. How could those who are interested use the information?
8. Who would be interested in the answer to the question?
7. Can you research this question given the limitations of time and resources?
6. Is there some way to observe or measure the communication phenomenon of interest?
5. Is the question phrased in such a way that it is not biased toward a particular answer or solution?
4. What is the communication orientation of the question? In other words, what communica- tion practice, policy, rule, procedure, or con- sequence is being investigated? Is your focus on symbols, messages, or meanings?
3. Have you asked only one question? Not two, three, or four?
2. Do others agree about the clarity of the question?
1. Is the question clearly stated?
9. Effectively summarize and report what you have found in the library.
8. Track a citation back to its original source.
7. Glean the basic ideas from reading the abstract, literature review, and discussion sections of a research article.
6. Conduct a search for print and online scholarly resources.
5. Evaluate preliminary questions for their completeness and clarity.
4. Explain why a preliminary question is superior to a topic in conducting library research.
3. Develop a preliminary question from a topic or issue.
2. Explain why the research process starts with identifying a research problem.
1. Describe what a theory is and its role in communication research.
13. Questions suitable for communication re- search may be questions of fact, questions of variable relations, questions of value, or questions of policy.
12. Questions suitable for communica- tion research are those with theoretical significance, of social importance, and in which the researcher has personal interest.
11. Research is judged to be scientific by 12 characteristics: its empirical nature, its ability to be tested, the extent to which it can be falsified or disproved, the ability to repli- cate or repeat findings, the public nature of findings, its self-correcting nature, the ability to measure or
10. A formal research question asks what the tentative relationship among variables might be, or asks about the state or nature of some communication phenomenon.
9. A hypothesis is a tentative, educated guess or proposition about the relationship be- tween two or more variables.
8. Communication scholars start with an inter- esting question and then formulate a formal research question or hypothesis.
7. The study of communication from a social science perspective looks for patterns across cases and focuses on symbols used to con- struct messages, messages, the effects of messages, and their meanings.
6. As a social science, communication researchers use both quantitative and qualitative methods.
5. The best research is that which is driven by theory, validates a theory, further explains a theory, challenges an existing theory, or aids in the creation of theory.
4. In the process of scientific discovery and ex- planation, four outcomes are sought: describ- ing behavior, determining causes of behavior, predicting behavior, and explaining behavior.
3. Academic research follows accepted norms and procedures that have been adopted by scholars from many disciplines.
2. Scholarly research is the discovery of an- swers to questions through the application of scientific and systematic procedures.
1. Research is asking questions and finding answers.
9. Identify questions about communication that you believe are worth pursuing.
8. Describe the differences among questions of fact, variable relations, value, and policy.
7. Distinguish between research question and hypothesis.
6. Differentiate among the characteristics of science.
5. Describe how communication research from a social science perspective is different from other forms of communication research and other forms of social science research.
4. Explain communication research as a social science.
3. Explain the relationship of research and theory.
2. Explain the goals of research.
1. Identify instances in which you could use or conduct communication research as a stu- dent, use or conduct communication research as a professional, and use the results of com- munication research in your personal life.
To ex:plai11 n1etatheory and its prin1ary con1ponentCritical perspective
vii . AP rio ri Reasoning 9. So What?
vi. Intuiti on or I-lunches iv. In Int erp ersona l Int eractions
v. Mai,ric, Superstitio n , a11d/or Mysticism iii. In H ealth Care
iv. Tradition s, Customs, and F aith ii. In Medi a
iii. Authority i. ln Businesses and Organization s
ii. Tenacity Study?
i. Experiencea. Wh ere Do Con11nUJ1ication Researc hers
4. H o,v Do We I
3. How Is Research Knowl edge D isu;buted? Researchers Study?a. Acad e1nic Pu blishingb. Scholarly Researchb. Social Di alogue and Pu blic Policyc. Applied Researchc. Com muni cation in th e Popu lar Pr essd. othin g as Pr act ical as a Good Th eory
d. Communication as Cr itical or Cultural 7. v\That D o Conilllun ication Researchers Do?Researcha. v\That Spec ific Areas Do Co111IDUJucation
c. Co1nmunication as I-Iumaniticsd. Contradictory Knowledge Research 6. Scientific Reaso ning
b. Communica tion as Social Researchc. Cogn itive ConscrvatiSJn
a. Researchb. Over genera]ization
2. What Is Rcsea rch?a. Accuracy
1. What Wlll You D o \.vith the Information 5. What's Wrong ,vith Everyday Ways of You Learn in Thi s Course? I

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