Seeing Through Statistics 3rd Edition David D Busch, Jessica M Utts - Solutions

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The following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in hours, of a certain brand of latex paint Assume that the measurements are a simple random sample.(a) What is the sample size for the above sample?(b) Calculate the sample mean for these data.(c) Calculate the sample median.(d) Plot
22. In Case Study 26.1, the concerns raised about the experimenter effect.
21. In Case Study 26.1, the concerns raised in the letter from Schmidt.
20. In Case Study 26.1, the concerns raised in the letter from Carpenter et al.
*19. In Case Study 26.1, the concerns raised in the letter from Freinkel.
18. In Example 4, the fact that many media stories mentioned increased risk of breast cancer and coronary heart disease but not any of the other results.
*17. In Example 3 in Chapter 20, the Environmental Protection Agency’s decision to report a 90% confidence interval.
16. In Example 3, Jake’s decision to replace the outlier with the median of 70.
15. In Example 2, Janet’s handling of the fact that her data showed 26 volunteers in the control group when there should have been only 25.
14. In Example 2, Janet’s decision to make Group 2 the control group after the first volunteer came to her office.
13. Example 1, Stanley Milgram’s experiment.
12. A standard protocol for the treatment of all participants that must be strictly followed.Exercises 13 to 22: Explain the main ethical issue of concern in each of the following.Discuss what, if anything, should have been done differently to address that concern.
11. An honest evaluation that what is being measured is appropriate and unbiased for the research question of interest.
*10. Double-blind procedures to ensure that no one who has contact with the participants knows which treatment or condition they are receiving.
9. Automated data recording without intervention from the researcher.
8. Randomization done by a third party with no vested interest in the experiment, or at least done by a well-tested computer randomization device.
*7. Marilyn is a statistician who works for a company that manufactures components for sound systems. Two development teams have each come up with a new method for producing one of the components, and management is to decide which one to adopt based on which produces components that last longer.
6. Find an example of a statistical study reported in the news. Explain whether you think multiple tests were done, and, if so, if they were reported.
5. Refer to Example 3 about Jake’s memory experiment. What do you think Jake should have done regarding the analysis and reporting of it?
*4. Refer to Example 2 about Janet’s dissertation research. Explain whether each of the following changes would have been a good idea or a bad idea:*a. Have someone who is blind to conditions and has not heard the volunteers’voices before listen to the phone calls to assess whether a firm
3. In the report Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency (Martin, Straf, and Citro, 2001), one of the recommended practices is “a strong position of independence.” Each of the following parts gives one of the characteristics that is recommended to help accomplish this. In each
2. A classic psychology experiment was conducted by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo in the summer of 1971 at Stanford University. The experiment is described at the Web site http://www.prisonexp.org/. Visit the Web site; if it is no longer operative, try an Internet search on “Zimbardo”
1. Visit the Web sites of one or more professional organizations related to your major.(You may need to ask one of your professors to help with this.) Find one that has a code of ethics. Describe whether the code includes anything about research methods. If not, explain why you think nothing is
2. Find a newspaper report of a meta-analysis. Discuss whether important information is missing from the report. Critically evaluate the conclusions of the meta-analysis, taking into consideration the criticisms listed in Section 25.4.
1. Find a journal article that presents a meta-analysis. (They are commonly found in medical and psychology journals.)a. Give an overview of the article and its conclusions.b. Explain what the researchers used as the criteria for deciding which studies to include.c. Explain which of the benefits of
15. Refer to News Story 9 in the Appendix and on the CD, “Against depression, a sugar pill is hard to beat.” There is a meta-analysis of “96 antidepressant trials”described in the story. Use that description to answer these questions.a. How did the analyst answer the question “Which
*14. Suppose 10 studies were done to assess the relationship between watching violence on television and subsequent violent behavior in children. Suppose that none of the 10 studies detected a statistically significant relationship. Is it possible for a vote-counting procedure to detect a
13. An article in Science (Mann, 11 November 1994) describes two approaches used to try to determine how well programs to improve public schools have worked. The first approach was taken by an economist named Eric Hanushek.Here is part of the description:Hanushek reviewed 38 studies and found the
12. Science News (25 January 1995) reported a study on the relationship between levels of radon gas in homes and lung cancer. It was a case-control study, with 538 women with lung cancer and 1183 without lung cancer. The article noted that the average level of radon concentration in the homes of
11. Eisenberg and colleagues (15 June 1993) used meta-analysis to examine the effect of “cognitive therapies” such as biofeedback, meditation, and relaxation methods on blood pressure. Their abstract states that “cognitive interventions for essential hypertension are superior to no therapy
10. Suppose a meta-analysis on the risks of drinking coffee included 100,000 participants of all ages across 80 studies. One of the conclusions was that a confidence interval for the relative risk of heart attack for women over 70 who drank coffee, compared with those who didn’t, was 0.90 to
*9. Give two reasons why researchers might not want to include all possible studies in a meta-analysis of a certain topic.
*8. Would the file drawer problem be more likely to present a substantial difficulty in a research field with 50 researchers or in one with 1000 researchers? Explain.
7. In a meta-analysis, researchers can choose either to combine results across studies to produce a single confidence interval or to report separate confidence intervals for each study and compare them. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of combining the results into one confidence interval.
*6. An article in the Sacramento Bee (15 April 1998, pp. A1, A12), titled “Drug reactions a top killer, research finds,” reported a study estimating that between 76,000 and 137,000 deaths a year in the United States occur due to adverse reactions to medications. Here are two quotes from the
5. Refer to Exercise 3. Pick three of the possible problems with meta-analysis listed in Section 25.4 and discuss how they might apply to the reviews in the Cochrane Database.
4. Refer to Exercise 3. Pick one of the benefits of meta-analysis listed in Section 25.3 and explain how that benefit applies to the reviews in the Cochrane Database.
*3. According to a report in New Scientist (Vine, 21 January 1995), the UK Cochrane Centre in Oxford is launching the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, which will “focus on a number of diseases, drawing conclusions about which treatments work and which do not from all the available
2. Explain why the person deciding which studies to include in a meta-analysis should be told how each study was conducted but not the results of the study.
1. Explain why the vote-counting method is not a good way to summarize the results in a research area.
2. Find two journal articles, one that reports on a statistically significant result and one that reports on a nonsignificant result. Discuss the role of the sample size in the determination of statistical significance, or lack thereof, in each case. Discuss whether you think the researchers would
1. Find a newspaper article that you think presents the results of a hypothesis test in a misleading way. Explain why you think it is misleading. Rewrite the appropriate part of the article in a way that you consider to be not misleading. If necessary, find the original journal report of the study
24. Read News Story 19 and Additional News Story 19. Based on the information contained in them, rewrite and expand the information in the preceding quote so that it would not be misleading to someone with no training in statistics.
23. Read News Story 19, “Young romance may lead to depression, study says” and use it to answer these questions.a. How many participants were there in this study?b. The story actually reports the magnitude of the difference in depression levels for romantically involved and uninvolved teens.
22. Refer to items 1 and 2 in Section 24.4, “A Summary of Warnings.” Explain whether or not they are likely to apply to results from this study.Exercises 23 and 24 refer to News Story 19 and Additional News Story 19 on the CD.The following quote is from Additional News Story 19:They found that
19. Refer to the previous exercise.a. Do you think the alternative hypothesis used by the researchers was onesided or two-sided? Explain.b. Do you think the researchers would be justified in specifying a one-sided alternative hypothesis in this situation? Explain why or why not.
18. One of the quotes in News Story 1 refers to the results of measuring antibodies to the influenza vaccine. It says:While everyone who participated in the study had an increased number of antibodies, the meditators had a significantly greater increase than the control group. “The changes were
*17. Would it be easier to reject hypotheses about populations that had a lot of natural variability in the measurements or a little variability in the measurements?Explain.Exercises 18 to 22 refer to News Story and Original Source 1, “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by
16. Now that you understand the reasoning behind making inferences about populations based on samples (confidence intervals and hypothesis tests), explain why these methods require the use of random, or at least representative, samples instead of convenience samples.
15. Explain why it is not wise to accept a null hypothesis.
14. An advertisement for NordicTrack, an exercise machine that simulates crosscountry skiing, claimed that “in just 12 weeks, research shows that people who used a NordicTrack lost an average of 18 pounds.” Forgetting about the questions surrounding how such a study might have been conducted,
13. In the study by Lee Salk, reported in Case Study 1.1, he found that infants who listened to the sound of a heartbeat in the first few days of life gained more weight than those who did not. In searching for potential explanations, Salk wrote the following. Discuss Salk’s conclusion and the
*12. The authors of the report in Case Study 24.1, comparing the psychological health of UFO observers and nonobservers, presented a table in which they compared the four groups of volunteers on each of 20 psychological measures.For each of the measures, the null hypothesis was that there were no
11. When the Steering Committee of the Physicians’ Health Study Research Group(1988) reported the results of the effect of aspirin on heart attacks, committee members also reported the results of the same aspirin consumption, for the same sample, on strokes. There were 80 strokes in the aspirin
*10. Refer to Case Study 22.1, concerning the ganzfeld procedure for testing ESP. In earlier studies using the ganzfeld procedure, the results were mixed in terms of whether they were statistically significant. In other words, some of the experiments were statistically significant and others were
9. We have learned that the probability of making a type 1 error when the null hypothesis is true is usually set at 5%. The probability of making a type 2 error when the alternative hypothesis is true is harder to find. Do you think that probability depends on the size of the sample? Explain your
*8. The top story in USA Today on December 2, 1993, reported that “two research teams, one at Harvard and one in Germany, found that the risk of a heart attack during heavy physical exertion . . . was two to six times greater than during less strenuous activity or inactivity” (Snider, 2
7. Explain why it is important to learn what sample size was used in a study for which “no difference” was found.
6. In reporting the results of a study to compare two population means, explain why researchers should report each of the following:a. A confidence interval for the difference in the means.b. A p-value for the results of the test, as well as whether it was one- or two-sided.c. The sample sizes
5. New Scientist (Mestel, 12 November 1994) reported a study in which psychiatrist Donald Black used the drug fluvoxamine to treat compulsive shoppers:In Black’s study, patients take the drug for eight weeks, and the effect on their shopping urges is monitored. Then the patients are taken off the
*4. In Example 2 of Chapter 13, we revisited data from Case Study 6.3, regarding testing to see if there was a relationship between gender and driving after drinking.We found that we could not rule out chance as an explanation for the sample data; the chi-square statistic was 1.637 and the p-value
3. An article in Time magazine (Gorman, 6 February 1995) reported that an advisory panel recommended that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allow an experimental AIDS vaccine to go forward for testing on 5000 volunteers. The vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk, who developed the first
2. Refer to Case Study 24.2, in which a report stated that Internet use was associated with a statistically significant increase in depression.a. Would it have been more appropriate to use one-sided or two-sided hypothesis tests for that research? Explain.b. Explain what would have constituted a
*1. An advertisement for Claritin, a drug for seasonal nasal allergies, made this claim: “Clear relief without drowsiness. In studies, the incidence of drowsiness was similar to placebo” (Time, 6 February 1995, p. 43). The advertisement also reported that 8% of the 1926 Claritin takers and 6%
2. Conduct a test for extrasensory perception. You can either create target pictures or use a deck of cards and ask people to guess suits or colors. Whatever you use, be sure to randomize properly. For example, with a deck of cards you should always replace the previous target and shuffle very
1. Find three separate journal articles that report the results of hypothesis tests. For each one, do or answer the following:a. State the null and alternative hypotheses.b. Based on the p-value reported, what conclusion would you make?c. What would a type 1 and a type 2 error be for the hypotheses
*19. Another quote in the article is In response to the influenza vaccine, the meditators displayed a significantly greater rise in antibody titers from the 4 to 8 week blood draw compared with the controls [t(33) 2.05, p .05, Figure 5]. (Davidson et al., p. 566)*a. Specify in words the null
18. Refer to the quote in the previous exercise. Explain what is meant by the last sentence.
17. Participants were given psychological tests measuring positive and negative affect(mood) as well as anxiety at three time periods. Time 1 was before the meditation training. Time 2 was at the end of the 8 weeks of training, and Time 3 was 4 months later. One of the results reported in the paper
16. To what population do you think the results of this study apply? If you need more information to answer this question, you will find a description of the participants in Original Source 1, page 565.
*15. In Example 2 in this chapter, we tested to see whether dieters and exercisers had significantly different average fat loss. We concluded that they did because the difference for the samples under consideration was 1.8 kg, with a measure of uncertainty of 0.83 kg and a standardized score of
14. On January 30, 1995, Time magazine reported the results of a poll of adult Americans, in which they were asked, “Have you ever driven a car when you probably had too much alcohol to drive safely?” The exact results were not given, but from the information provided we can guess at what they
13. Professors and other researchers use scholarly journals to publish the results of their research. However, only a small minority of the submitted papers is accepted for publication by the most prestigious journals. In many academic fields, there is a debate as to whether submitted papers
12. In Example 2 in this chapter, we tested whether the average fat lost from 1 year of dieting versus 1 year of exercise was equivalent. The study also measured lean body weight (muscle) lost or gained. The average for the 47 men who exercised was a gain of 0.1 kg, which can be thought of as a
11. Refer to Exercise 10. Here is another of the results reported by Siegel: “For subjects without a pet, having an above-average number of stressful life events resulted in about two more doctor contacts during the study year (10.37 vs. 8.38, p .005). In contrast, the number of stressful life
*10. Siegel (1993) reported a study in which she measured the effect of pet ownership on the use of medical care by the elderly. She interviewed 938 elderly adults. One of her results was reported as: “After demographics and health status were controlled for, subjects with pets had fewer total
9. On July 1, 1994, The Press of Atlantic City, NJ, had a headline reading, “Study:Female hormone makes mind keener” (p. A2). Here is part of the report:therapy started, he said, there was a subtle but statistically significant increase in the mental scores of the patients.Explain what you
8. Refer to Example 2 in Chapter 13, in which we tested whether there was a relationship between gender and driving after drinking alcohol. Remember that the Supreme Court used the data to determine whether a law was justified. The law differentiated between the ages at which young males and young
*7. Suppose you wanted to see whether a training program helped raise students’scores on a standardized test. You administer the test to a random sample of students, give them the training program, then readminister the test. For each student, you record the increase (or decrease) in the test
6. In Example 3, we showed that the Excel command NORMSDIST(z) gives the area below the standardized score z. Use Excel or another computer or calculator function to find the p-value for each of the following examples and case studies, taking into account whether the test is one-sided or
5. Suppose you were given a hypothesized population mean, a sample mean, a sample standard deviation, and a sample size for a study involving a random sample from one population. What would you use as the test statistic?
*4. Suppose a two-sided test for a difference in two means resulted in a p-value of 0.08.*a. Using the usual criterion for hypothesis testing, would we conclude that there was a difference in the population means? Explain.*b. Suppose the test had been constructed as a one-sided test instead, and
3. Suppose a one-sided test for a proportion resulted in a p-value of 0.03. What would the p-value be if the test were two-sided instead?
*2. Refer to Exercise 1. Is the test described there a one-sided or a two-sided test?
1. In Exercise 12 in Chapter 20, we learned that in a survey of 507 adult American Catholics, 59% answered yes to the question, “Do you favor allowing women to be priests?”a. Set up the null and alternative hypotheses for deciding whether a majority of American Catholics favors allowing women
2. Find two newspaper articles reporting on the results of studies with the following characteristics. First, find one that reports on a study that failed to find a relationship.Next, find one that reports on a study that did find a relationship. For each study, state what hypotheses you think the
1. Construct a situation for which you can test null and alternative hypotheses for a population proportion. For example, you could see whether you can flip a coin in a manner so as to bias it in favor of heads. Or you could conduct an ESP test in which you ask someone to guess the suits in a deck
22. Refer to the previous exercise. Repeat the test for women only. Refer to Table 3 on page 1445 of the paper for the data.
21. In Original Source 2 on the CD, “Development and initial validation of the Hangover Symptoms Scale: Prevalence and correlates of hangover symptoms in college students,” one of the questions was how many times respondents had experienced at least one hangover symptom in the past year. Table
*20. In Original Source 17, “Monkeys reject unequal pay,” the researchers found that female monkeys were less willing to participate in an exchange of a small token for a piece of cucumber if they noticed that another monkey got a better deal. In one part of the experiment, a condition called
19. In Case Study 1.1, Lee Salk did an experiment to see if hearing the sound of a human heartbeat would help infants gain weight during the first few days of life.By comparing weight gains for two sample groups of infants, he concluded that it did. One group listened to a heartbeat and the other
18. In Case Study 1.2 and in Chapters 12 and 13, we examined a study showing that there appears to be a relationship between taking aspirin and incidence of heart attack. The null hypothesis in that study would be that there is no relationship between the two variables, and the alternative would be
*17. Many researchers decide to reject the null hypothesis as long as the p-value is 0.05 or less. In a testing situation for which a type 2 error is much more serious than a type 1 error, should researchers require a higher or a lower p-value in order to reject the null hypothesis? Explain your
*16. Consider medical tests in which the null hypothesis is that the patient does not have the disease and the alternative hypothesis is that he or she does.*a. Give an example of a medical situation in which a type 1 error would be more serious.*b. Give an example of a medical situation in which a
15. An article in the Los Angeles Times (24 December 1994, p. A16) announced that a new test for detecting HIV had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA). The test requires the person to send a saliva sample to a lab. The article described the accuracy of the test as follows:The FDA
14. Suppose that a study is designed to choose between the hypotheses:Null hypothesis: Population proportion is 0.25.Alternative hypothesis: Population proportion is higher than 0.25.On the basis of a sample of size 500, the sample proportion is 0.29. The standard deviation for the potential sample
13. A report in the Davis (CA) Enterprise (6 April 1994, p. A-11) was headlined,“Highly educated people are less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease, a new study suggests.”a. State the null and alternative hypotheses the researchers would have used in this study.b. What do you think the
*12. In previous chapters, we learned that researchers have discovered a link between vertex baldness and heart attacks in men.a. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis used to investigate whether there is such a relationship.b. Discuss what would constitute a type 1 error in this
11. Given the convention of declaring that a result is statistically significant if the p-value is 0.05 or less, what decision would be made concerning the null and alternative hypotheses in each of the following cases? Be explicit about the wording of the decision.a. p-value 0.35b. p-value 0.04
*10. Specify what a type 1 and a type 2 error would be for the ganzfeld studies reported in Case Study 22.1.

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Seeing Through Statistics 3rd Edition David D Busch, Jessica M Utts - Solutions

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