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descriptive statistics
Seeing Through Statistics 3rd Edition David D Busch, Jessica M Utts - Solutions
Design an experiment to test something of interest to you. Explain how your design addresses each of the four complications listed in Section 5.3, “Difficulties and Disasters in Experiments.”
The relationships described in the previous question are listed again here. In each case, explain the extent to which you think the results of the study can be extended to a larger population.a. News Story 1 reported that people who participated in the meditation program had better immune system
For each of the following examples of relationships based on news stories in the Appendix and their original sources on the CD, explain whether a cause-andeffect conclusion is justified:a. News Story 1 reported that people who participated in the meditation program had better immune system response
Read each of these news stories in the Appendix, and consult the original source article on the CD if necessary. In each case, explain whether or not a repeated measures design was used.a. News Story 6: “Music as brain builder.”b. News Story 11: “Double trouble behind the wheel.”c. News
Read News Story 12 in the Appendix, “Working nights may increase breast cancer risk.” The story describes two separate observational studies, one by Scott Davis and co-authors and one by Francine Laden and co-authors. Both studies and an editorial describing them are included on the CD, and you
Read News Story 8 in the Appendix, “Education, kids strengthen marriage.”Discuss the extent to which each of these problems with observational studies may affect the conclusions based on this study:a. Confounding variables and the implications of causationb. Extending the results
Read News Story 5, “Driving while distracted is common, researchers say,” and consult the first page of the “Executive Summary” in Original Source 5, “Distractions in Everyday Driving,” on the CD. Explain the extent to which ecological validity may be a problem in this study and what
For each of the following observational studies in the news stories in the Appendix,specify the explanatory and response variables.*a. News Story 10: “Churchgoers live longer, study finds.”b. News Story 12: “Working nights may increase breast cancer risk.”c. News Story 16: “More on TV
For each of the following news stories in the Appendix, explain whether the study was a randomized experiment or an observational study. If necessary, consult the original source of the study on the CD.a. News Story 4: “Happy people can actually live longer.”b. News Story 6: “Music as brain
Explain which of the “difficulties and disasters” is most likely to be a problem in each of the following observational studies, and why:a. A study measured the number of writing courses taken by students and their subsequent scores on the quantitative part of the Graduate Record Exam. The
Explain which of the “difficulties and disasters” is most likely to be a problem in each of the following experiments, and why:*a. To see if eating just before going to bed causes nightmares, volunteers are recruited to spend the night in a sleep laboratory. They are randomly assigned to be
Give an example of a randomized experiment that would have poor ecological validity.
Is the “experimenter effect” most likely to be present in a double-blind experiment, a single-blind experiment, or an experiment with no blinding? Explain.
Explain why each of the following is used in experiments:a. Placebo treatmentsb. Blindingc. Control groups
Refer to Case Study 5.2, “Exercise Yourself to Sleep.”a. Discuss each of the “difficulties and disasters in experiments” (Section 5.3)as applied to this experiment.b. Explain whether the authors can conclude that exercise actually caused improvements in sleep.
Explain why a randomized experiment allows researchers to draw a causal conclusion, whereas an observational study does not.
Is it possible to conduct a randomized experiment to compare two conditions using volunteers recruited through the newspaper? If not, explain why not. If so, explain how it would be done and explain any “difficulties and disasters” that would be encountered.
A headline in the Sacramento Bee (11 December 1997, p. A15) read, “Study:Daily drink cuts death,” and the article began with the statement, “One drink a day can be good for health, scientists are reporting, confirming earlier research in a new study that is the largest to date of the effects
A case-control study claimed to have found a relationship between drinking coffee and pancreatic cancer. The cases were people recently hospitalized with pancreatic cancer, and the controls were people hospitalized for other reasons.When asked about their coffee consumption for the past year, it
Suppose an observational study finds that people who use public transportation to get to work have better knowledge of current affairs than those who drive to work, but that the relationship is weaker for well-educated people. What term from the chapter (for example, response variable) applies to
Suppose you wanted to know if men or women students spend more money on clothes. You consider two different plans for carrying out an observational study:Plan 1: Ask the participants how much they spent on clothes during the last 3 months; then compare the men and women.Plan 2: Ask the participants
Refer to Exercise 10.What are the explanatory and response variables?
Researchers ran an advertisement in a campus newspaper asking for sedentary volunteers who were willing to begin an exercise program. The volunteers were allowed to choose which of three programs they preferred: jogging, swimming, or aerobic dance. After 5 weeks on the exercise programs, weight
A researcher was interested in teaching couples to communicate more effectively.She had 20 volunteer couples, 10 of which were randomly assigned to receive the training program and 10 of which were not. After they had been trained(or not), she presented each of the 20 couples with a hypothetical
To study the effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing colds, a researcher recruited 200 volunteers. She randomly assigned 100 of them to take vitamin C for 10 weeks and the remaining 100 to take nothing. The 200 participants recorded how many colds they had during the 10 weeks. The two groups were
Researchers have found that women who take oral contraceptives (birth control pills) are at higher risk of having a heart attack or stroke and that the risk is substantially higher if a woman smokes. In investigating the relationship between taking oral contraceptives (the explanatory variable) and
Suppose researchers were interested in determining the relationship, if any, between brain cancer and the use of cellular telephones. Would it be better to use a randomized experiment or a case-control study? Explain.
A study to see whether birds remember color was done by putting birdseed on a piece of red cloth and letting the birds eat the seed. Later, empty pieces of cloth of varying colors (red, purple, white, and blue) were displayed. The birds headed for the red cloth. The researcher concluded that the
Refer to Thought Question 5 at the beginning of this chapter. The headline was based on a study in which a representative sample of over 400,000 adults in the United States were asked a series of questions, including level of education and on how many of the past 30 days they felt physically and
Designate the explanatory variable and the response variable for each of the three studies in Exercise 2.
In each of the following examples, explain whether the experiment was doubleblind,single-blind, or neither, and explain whether it was a matched-pair or block design or neither.*a. A utility company was interested in knowing if agricultural customers would use less electricity during peak hours if
Explain why it may be preferable to conduct a randomized experiment rather than an observational study to determine the relationship between two variables.Support your argument with an example concerning something of interest to you.
Go to a large parking lot or a large area where bicycles are parked. Choose a color or a manufacturer. Design a sampling scheme you can use to estimate the percentage of cars or bicycles of that color or model. In choosing the number to sample, consider the margin of error that will accompany your
For this project, you will use the telephone directory for your community to estimate the percentage of households that list their phone number but not their address.Use two different sampling methods, chosen from simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, or systematic
Original Source 10: “Religious attendance and cause of death over 31 years.”
Original Source 7: “Auto body repair inspection pilot program: Report to the legislature.”
Original Source 2: “Development and initial validation of the Hangover Symptoms Scale: Prevalence and correlates of hangover symptoms in college students.”
Each of the following quotes is based on the results of an experiment or an observational study. Explain which was used. If an observational study was used, explain whether an experiment could have been used to study the topic instead.a. “A recent Stanford study of more than 6000 men found that
Refer to the previous exercise. The same week that the Field Poll was released a Web site called SFGate.com (http://www.sfgate.com/polls/) asked visitors to“Click to vote” on their preferred response to “Agree with new law allowing drivers’licenses for illegal immigrants?” The choices and
In early September, 2003, California’s Governor Gray Davis approved a controversial law allowing people who were not legal residents to obtain a California state driver’s license. That week the California Field Poll released a survey showing that 59% of registered voters opposed the law and 34%
The Sacramento Bee (11 Feb. 2001, p. A20) reported on a Newsweek poll that was based on interviews with 1000 adults, asking questions about a variety of issues.a. What is the margin of error for this poll?b. One of the statements in the news story was “a margin of error of plus or minus three
The U.S. government uses a multitude of surveys to measure opinions, behaviors, and so on. Yet, every 10 years it takes a census. What can the government learn from a census that it could not learn from a sample survey?
Suppose you have a telephone directory for your local college from which you randomly select 100 names. To find out how students feel about a new pub on campus, you call the 100 numbers and interview the person who answers the phone. Explain which one of the “difficulties and disasters” in
Suppose you had a student telephone directory for your local college and wanted to sample 100 students. Explain how you would obtain each of the following:a. A simple random sampleb. A systematic sample
Suppose that a gourmet food magazine wants to know how its readers feel about serving beer with various types of food. The magazine sends surveys to 1000 randomly selected readers. Explain which one of the “difficulties and disasters”in sampling the magazine is most likely to face.
What role does natural variability play when trying to determine the population average of a measurement variable from a sample?
Is using a convenience sample an example of a probability sampling plan? Explain why or why not.
Identify each of the following studies as a survey, an experiment, an observational study, or a case study. Explain your reasoning.*a. A doctor claims to be able to cure migraine headaches. A researcher administers a questionnaire to each of the patients the doctor claims to have cured.b. Patients
The student newspaper at a university in California reported a debate between two student council members, revolving around a survey of students (California Aggie, 8 November 1994, p. 3). The newspaper reported that “according to an AS [Associated Students] Survey Unit poll, 52 percent of the
A survey in Newsweek (14 November 1994, p. 54) asked: “Does the Senate generally pay too much attention to personal lives of people nominated to high office, or not enough?” Fifty-six percent of the respondents said “too much attention.” It was also reported that “for this Newsweek poll,
6 (other than “using the wrong sampling frame”), which do you think was the most serious in this case? Explain.c. What could Bristol-Myers have done to improve the validity of the results after it had mailed the 10,000 surveys and received 1983 back? Assume the company kept track of who had
Gastwirth (1988, p. 507) describes a court case in which Bristol-Myers was ordered by the Federal Trade Commission to stop advertising that “twice as many dentists use Ipana [toothpaste] as any other dentifrice” and that more dentists recommended it than any other dentifrice. Bristol-Myers had
Explain why the main problem with the Literary Digest poll is described as “low response rate” and not “volunteer sample.”
Explain the difference between a low response rate and a volunteer sample. Explain which is worse, and why.
Despite his success in 1936, George Gallup failed miserably in trying to predict the winner of the 1948 U.S. presidential election. His organization, as well as two others, predicted that Thomas Dewey would beat incumbent Harry Truman.All three used what is called “quota sampling.” The
Find a news article describing a survey that is obviously biased. Explain why you think it is biased.
Explain whether a survey or a randomized experiment would be most appropriate to find out about each of the following:*a. Who is likely to win the next presidential election*b. Whether the use of nicotine gum reduces cigarette smokingc. Whether there is a relationship between height and happinessd.
Give an example in whicha. A sample would be preferable to a censusb. A cluster sample would be the easiest method to usec. A systematic sample would be the easiest to use and would not be biased
Specify the population and the sample, being sure to include both units and measurements, for the situation described ina. Exercise 1ab. Exercise 1bc. Exercise 1cd. Exercise 1d
The survey in Exercise 5 has been conducted annually by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA since 1966. One of the results reported was that“students’ disengagement from politics continues. The percentage of freshmen believing that ‘keeping up to date with political affairs’ is
An article in the Sacramento Bee (12 January 1998, p. A4) was titled “College freshmen show conservative side” and reported the results of a fall 1997 survey“based on responses from a representative sample of 252,082 full-time freshmen at 464 two- and four-year colleges and universities
In the March 8, 1994, edition of the Scotsman, a newspaper published in Edinburgh,Scotland, a headline read, “Reform study finds fear over schools.” The article described a survey of 200 parents who had been asked about proposed education reforms and indicated that most parents felt uninformed
Construct an example in which a systematic sampling plan would result in a biased sample.
Explain the difference between a proportion and a percentage as used to present the results of a sample survey. Include an explanation of how you would convert results from one form to the other.
For each of the following situations, state which type of sampling plan was used.Explain whether you think the sampling plan would result in a biased sample.*a. To survey the opinions of its customers, an airline company made a list of all its flights and randomly selected 25 flights. All of the
Find a study that includes an emotion like “depression” or “happiness” as one of the measured variables. Explain how the researchers measured that emotion.Discuss whether the method of measurement is likely to produce valid measurements.Discuss whether the method of measurement is likely to
Design a survey with three questions to measure attitudes toward something of interest to you. Now design a new version by changing just a few words in each question to make it deliberately biased. Choose 20 people to whom you will administer the survey. Put their names in a hat (or a box or a bag)
Measure the heights of five males and five females. Draw a line to scale, starting at the lowest height in your group and ending at the highest height, and mark each male with an M and each female with an F. It should look something like this:F F M FMF F MM M 5 62Explain exactly how you measured
The measurements in this study were self-reported by the participants. Explain the extent to which you think this may systematically have caused the measurements of hangover severity of men or women or both to be biased, and whether that may have affected the conclusions of the study in any way.
To make the conclusion that women are harder hit by hangovers, the researchers measured two variables on each individual. Specify the two variables and explain whether each one is a categorical or a measurement variable.
Explain whether the Hangover Symptoms Scale for each individual in this study is likely to be*a. A valid measure of hangover severityb. A reliable measure of hangover severity
The researchers were interested in measuring the severity of hangovers for each person so they developed a “Hangover Symptoms Scale.” Read the article and explain what they measured with this scale.
Refer to the detailed report labeled as Original Source 13: “2003 CASA National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse VIII: Teens and Parents”on the CD. Locate the questions asked of the parents, in Appendix E. For each of the following questions explain whether the response was a
Refer to the detailed report labeled as Original Source 13: “2003 CASA National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse VIII: Teens and Parents”on the CD.a. Locate the questions asked of the teens, in Appendix D. Two questions asked as “open questions” were Question 1 and Question
Explain how “depression” was measured for the research discussed in News Story 19 in the Appendix, “Young romance may lead to depression, study says.”
Locate Original Source 11 on the CD, “Driving impairment due to sleepiness is exacerbated by low alcohol intake.” Find the description of how the researchers measured “subjective sleepiness.”a. Explain how “subjective sleepiness” was measured.b. Was “subjective sleepiness” measured
Read Original Source 4 on the CD, “Duke Health Briefs: Positive Outlook Linked to Longer Life in Heart Patients.” Explain how the researchers measured“happiness.”
Explain whether there is likely to be variability in the following measurements if they were to be taken on 10 consecutive days for the same student. If so, explain whether the variability most likely would be due to natural variability across time, natural variability across individuals,
If each of the following measurements were to be taken on a group of 50 college students (once only for each student), it is unlikely that all 50 of them would yield the same value. In other words, there would be variability in the measurements. In each case, explain whether their values are likely
Airlines compute the percentage of flights that are on time to be the percentage that arrive no later than 15 minutes after their scheduled arrival time. Is this a valid measure of on-time performance? Is it a reliable measure? Explain.
Give an example of a characteristic that could be measured as either a discrete or a continuous variable, depending on the types of units used.
*a. The average times for the two routes are 14 minutes and 16 minutes. Would you be willing to conclude that the first route is faster, on average, based on these sample measurements?*b. Give an example of two sets of times, where the first has an average of 14 minutes and the second an average of
Suppose you were to compare two routes to school or work by timing yourself on each route for five days. Suppose the times on one route were (in minutes)10, 12, 13, 15, 20, and on the other route they were 10, 15, 16, 18,
Explain the difference between a discrete variable and a categorical variable.Give an example of each type.
Give three versions of a question to determine whether people think smoking should be banned on all airline flights. Word the question to be as follows:a. As unbiased as possibleb. Likely to get people to respond that smoking should be forbiddenc. Likely to get people to respond that smoking should
Sometimes medical tests, such as those for detecting HIV, are so sensitive that people do not want to give their names when they take the test. Instead, they are given a number or code, which they use to obtain their results later. Is this procedure anonymous testing or is it confidential testing?
In February 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton was under investigation for allegedly having had an extramarital affair. A Gallup Poll asked the following two questions: “Do you think most presidents have or have not had extramarital affairs while they were president?” and then “Would you
Give an example of two questions in which the order in which they are presented would determine whether the responses were likely to be biased.
Schuman and Presser (1981, p. 277) report a study in which one set of respondents was asked question A, and the other set was asked question B:A. Do you think the United States should forbid public speeches against democracy?B. Do you think the United States should allow public speeches against
An advertiser of a certain brand of aspirin (let’s call it Brand B) claims that it is the preferred painkiller for headaches, based on the results of a survey of headache sufferers. The choices given to respondents were: Tylenol, Extra-Strength Tylenol, Brand B aspirin, Advil.a. Is this an open-
2, that can be encountered when asking questions in a survey.
Refer to Case Study 2.2, “Brooks Shoes Brings Flawed Study to Court.” Discuss the study conducted by Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Company in the context of the seven pitfalls, listed in Section
Do you think the crime statistics reported by the police are a valid measure of the amount of crime in a given city? Are they a reliable measure? Discuss.
In Chapter 1, we discussed Lee Salk’s experiment in which he exposed one group of infants to the sound of a heartbeat and compared their weight gain to that of a group not exposed. Do you think it would be easier to discover a difference in weight gain between the group exposed to the heartbeat
If we were interested in knowing whether the average price of homes in a certain county had gone up or down this year in comparison with last year, would we be more interested in having a valid measure or a reliable measure of sales price? Explain.
Explain whether a variable can be both*a. Nominal and categoricalb. Nominal and ordinalc. Interval and categoricald. Discrete and interval
Refer to the previous exercise. In each case, explain whether the measurement is an interval or a ratio variable.
Specify whether each of the following measurements is discrete or continuous.If you think the measurement is ambiguous, discuss why.*a. The number of floors in a building*b. The height of a building measured as precisely as possiblec. The number of words in a bookd. The weight of a booke. A
Refer to the previous exercise. In each case, if the variable is categorical, specify whether it is ordinal or nominal. If it is a measurement variable, specify whether it is an interval or a ratio variable. Explain your answers.
Specify whether each of the following is a categorical or measurement variable.If you think the variable is ambiguous, discuss why.*a. Years of formal education*b. Highest level of education completed (grade school, high school, college, higher than college)c. Brand of car ownedd. Price paid for
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