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elementary statistics
Elementary Statistics 9th Edition Mario F. Triola - Solutions
1.84 Describe, in your own words, and give an example of the following terms. Your examples should not be ones given in class or in the textbook.a. Random sampleb. Probability samplec. Judgment sample
1.83 Describe, in your own words, and give an example of each of the following terms. Your examples should not be ones given in class or in the textbook.a. Variableb. Datac. Sampled. Populatione. Statisticf. Parameter
1.81 Who takes the most drugs? The National Association of Chain Drug Stores provides some answers to that question.a. What variable is used in preparation of this information?b. Which gender takes the most drugs? By how much?c. Which age group takes the most drugs? How much do they take?d. Does
1.80 The 2001 National Aging Research Survey revealed that Americans have great expectations on living long, healthy, and independent lives. The X and Y generations, ages 18 to 36 years, are the most desirous of living to 100. Of this age group, 69% reported that they would like to live to be 100
1.79 Two-thirds of older Americans take part in leisure-time physical activities, but poor nutrition remains a problem, especially when it comes to fruit and vegetables, according to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Merck Institute of Aging & Health. Among the
1.78 USA Today, in a December 2004 article titled“There’s no place like work for the holidays,” presented the results of a study of 600 full-time U.S.workers done by Penn Schoen & Berland Associates.Results revealed that 33% of the respondents were taking no time off during the holidays. Of
1.77 In the autumn of 2003, the National Safe Kids Campaign conducted a study of helmet use among children ages 5 to 14 who participate in wheeled sports. Data were collected from various sites across the United States that were designated as places where children often engage in wheeled sports.
1.74 Based on a survey of more than 125,000 people, the National Center for Health Statistics reported that married people tend to be healthier than other groups. Among other things, the study looked at the number of people reporting they were in only fair or poor health. The study reported the
1.73 Results from a study titled Academic Atrophy:The Condition of the Liberal Arts in America’s Public Schools were released on March, 8, 2004. It was the first study on how the No Child Left Behind Act might be influencing instructional time in the social studies, that is, the arts, geography,
1.72 A USA Today Snapshot from June 4, 2002, described how executives feel about looking for a new job while still employed. According to the Snapshot, a survey of 150 executives from the nation’s 1000 largest companies resulted in the following responses:36% felt very comfortable, 33% felt
1.70 A researcher studying the attitudes of parents of preschool children interviews a random sample of 50 mothers, each having one preschool child. He asks each mother, “How many times did you compliment your child yesterday?” He records the answer as C.a. Is C 4 an example of a data value,
1.69 A researcher studying consumer buying habits asks every 20th person entering Publix Supermarket how many times per week he or she goes grocery shopping. She then records the answer as T.a. Is T 3 an example of a sample, a variable, a statistic, a parameter, or a data value?Suppose the
1.68 A candidate for a political office claims that he will win the election. A poll is conducted, and 35 of 150 voters indicate that they will vote for the candidate, 100 voters indicate that they will vote for his opponent, and 15 voters are undecided.a. What is the population parameter of
1.67 We want to describe the so-called typical student at your college. Describe a variable that measures some characteristic of a student and results in:a. Attribute datab. Numerical data
1.66 What is meant by the saying “Garbage-in, garbage-out!” and how have computers increased the probability that studies may be victimized by the adage?
1.65 Did you ever hear someone say, “It must be right, that’s what my calculator told me!” Explain why the calculator may or may not have given the correct answer.
1.64 How might computers help you in statistics?
1.63 How have computers increased the usefulness of statistics to professionals such as researchers, government workers who analyze data, statistical consultants, and others?
1.62 Classify each of the following as a probability or a statistics problem:a. Determining how long it takes to handle a typical telephone inquiry at a real estate officeb. Determining the length of life for the 100-watt light bulbs a company producesc. Determining the chance that a blue ball will
1.61 Classify each of the following as a probability or a statistics problem:a. Determining whether a new drug shortens the recovery time from a certain illnessb. Determining the chance that heads will result when a coin is tossedc. Determining the amount of waiting time required to check out at a
1.60 Which of the following illustrates probability?statistics?a. Collecting the number of credit hours from 100 students to estimate the average number of credit hours per student at a particular community collegeb. Determining how likely it is to win the New York Lottery
1.59 Which of the following illustrates probability?statistics?a. Determining how likely it is that a “6” will result when a die is rolledb. Studying the weights of 35 babies to estimate weight gain in the first month after birth
1.58 The election board’s voter registration list is not a census of the adult population. Explain why.
1.57 The telephone book might not be a representative sampling frame. Explain why.
1.56 Explain why the polls that are so frequently quoted during early returns on Election Day TV coverage are an example of cluster sampling.
1.55 Suppose you have been hired by a group of all-sports radio stations to determine the age distribution of their listeners. Describe in detail how you would select a random sample of 2500 from the 35 listening areas involved.
1.54a. What body of the federal government illustrates a stratified sampling of the people?(A random selection process is not used.)b. What body of the federal government illustrates a proportional sampling of the people? (A random selection process is not used.)
1.53 Describe in detail how you would select a 4%systematic sample of the adults in a nearby large city in order to complete a survey about a political issue.
1.52 Sheila Jones works for an established marketing research company in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her supervisor just handed her a list of 500 four-digit random numbers extracted from a statistical table of random digits. He told Sheila to conduct a survey by calling 500 Cincinnati residents on the
1.51 Why is the random sample so important in statistics?
1.50 A random sample may be very difficult to obtain.Why?
1.49 An article titled “Surface Sampling in Gravel Streams” (Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, April 1993) discusses grid sampling and areal sampling.Grid sampling involves the removal by hand of stones found at specific points. These points are established on the gravel surface by using either
1.48a. What is a sampling frame?b. What did Mr. Clar use for a sampling frame in Example 1.8 (p. 22)?c. Where did the number 1288 come from, and how was it used?
1.47 Consider a simple population consisting of only the numbers 1, 2, and 3 (an unlimited number of each). Nine different samples of size 2 could be drawn from this population: (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3),(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3).a. If the population consists of the numbers 1, 2,
1.46 A wholesale food distributor in a large metropolitan area would like to test the demand for a new food product. He distributes food through five large supermarket chains. The food distributor selects a sample of stores located in areas where he believes the shoppers are receptive to trying new
1.45 We all know that exercise is good for us. But can exercise prevent or delay the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease? A recent study by the Harvard School of Public Health studied 48,000 men and 77,000 women who were relatively healthy and middle-aged or older. During the course of the study, the
1.44 Consider this question taken from CNN Quick Vote on the Internet on February 16, 2005:What should be done with the “Star Trek: Enterprise”show? The response was as follows: 45%, Let it boldly go on; 55%, Beam it out of here for good.a. What kind of survey was used?b. Do you think these
1.43 In a survey about families, Ann Landers asked parents if they would have kids again—70%responded “No.” An independent random survey, asking the same question, yielded a 90% “Yes” response.Give at least one explanation why the resulting percent from the Landers’ survey is so much
1.42 USA Today conducted a survey asking readers,“What is the most hilarious thing that has ever happened to you en route to or during a business trip?”a. What kind of sampling method is this?b. Are the results likely to be biased? Explain.
1.41 USA Today regularly asks its readers the following question: “Have a complaint about an airline baggage, refunds, advertising, customer service?Write: . . . .” What kind of sampling method is this? Are the results likely to be biased? Explain.
1.39 Teachers use examinations to measure students’knowledge about their subject. Explain how“a lack of variability in the students’ scores might indicate that the exam was not a very effective measuring device.” Thoughts to consider: What would it mean if all students attained a score of
1.38 A coin-operated coffee vending machine dispenses, on the average, 6 oz of coffee per cup. Can this statement be true of a vending machine that occasionally dispenses only enough to fill the cup half full (say, 4 oz)? Explain.
1.37 Consumer activist groups for years have encouraged retailers to use unit pricing of products.They argue that food prices, for example, should always be labeled in $/ounce, $/pound, $/gram,$/liter, and so on, in addition to $/package, $/can,$/box, $/bottle. Explain why.
1.36 Suppose you were trying to decide which of two machines to purchase. Furthermore, suppose the length to which the machines cut a particular product part was important. If both machines produced parts that had the same length on the average, what other consideration regarding the lengths would
1.35 Suppose we measure the weights (in pounds)of the individuals in each of the following groups:Group 1: cheerleaders for National Football League teams Group 2: players for National Football League teams For which group would you expect the data to have more variability? Explain why.
1.34 Suppose a 12-year-old asked you to explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter.a. What information should your answer include?b. What reasons would you give for why one would report the value of a statistic instead of a parameter?
1.33 Suppose a 12-year-old asked you to explain the difference between a sample and a population.a. What information should your answer include?b. What reasons would you give for why one would take a sample instead of surveying every member of the population?
1.32 Identify each of the following as examples of(1) nominal, (2) ordinal, (3) discrete, or (4) continuous variables:a. A poll of registered voters as to which candidate they supportb. The length of time required for a wound to heal when a new medicine is being usedc. The number of televisions
1.31 Identify each of the following as an example of (1) attribute (qualitative) or (2) numerical(quantitative) variables:a. the breaking strength of a given type of stringb. the hair color of children auditioning for the musical Anniec. the number of stop signs in towns of less than 500 peopled.
1.29 A study was conducted by Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. to measure the adverse side effects of Allegra, a drug used for the treatment of seasonal allergies. A sample of 679 allergy sufferers in the United States was given 60 mg of the drug twice a day. The patients were to report whether they
1.28 Select 10 students currently enrolled at your college and collect data for these three variables:X: number of courses enrolled in Y: total cost of textbooks and supplies for courses Z: method of payment used for textbooks and suppliesa. What is the population?b. Is the population finite or
1.27 A quality-control technician selects assembled parts from an assembly line and records the following information concerning each part:A: defective or nondefective B: the employee number of the individual who assembled the part C: the weight of the parta. What is the population?b. Is the
1.26 The admissions office wants to estimate the cost of textbooks for students at our college. Let the variable x be the total cost of all textbooks purchased by a student this semester. The plan is to randomly identify 100 students and obtain their total textbook costs. The average cost for the
1.25 A drug manufacturer is interested in the proportion of persons who have hypertension (elevated blood pressure) whose condition can be controlled by a new drug the company has developed.A study involving 5000 individuals with hypertension is conducted, and it is found that 80% of the
1.24 Students are being surveyed about the weight of books and supplies they are carrying as they attend class.a. Identify the variable of interest.b. Identify the type of variable.c. List a few values that might occur in a sample.
1.23 The faculty members at Boise State University were surveyed on the question “How satisfied were you with the Summer 2002 Schedule?” Their responses were to be categorized as “very satisfied,”“somewhat satisfied,” “neither satisfied nor dissatisfied,”“somewhat dissatisfied,”
1.22 The severity of side effects experienced by patients while being treated with a particular medicine is under study. The severity is measured on the scale: none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe.a. Name the variable of interest.b. Identify the type of variable.
1.21a. Explain why the variable “score” for the home team at a basketball game is discrete.b. Explain why the variable “number of minutes to commute to work” is continuous.
1.19a. Name two nominal variables about its customers that a newly opened department store might find informative to study.b. Name two ordinal variables about its customers that a newly opened department store might find informative to study.
1.18a. Name two attribute variables about its customers that a newly opened department store might find informative to study.b. Name two numerical variables about its customers that a newly opened department store might find informative to study.
1.17 Is a football jersey number a quantitative or a categorical variable? Support your answer with a detailed explanation.
1.16 In your own words, explain why the parameter is fixed and the statistic varies.
1.15 Of the adult U.S. population, 36% has an allergy.A sample of 1200 randomly selected adults resulted in 33.2% reporting an allergy.a. Describe the population.b. What is the sample?c. Describe the variable.d. Identify the statistic and give its value.e. Identify the parameter and give its value.
1.14 Find a recent newspaper article that illustrates an “apples are bad” type of report.
1.13 A working knowledge of statistics is very helpful when you want to understand the statistics reported in the news. The news media and our government often make statements like “Crime rate jumps 50% in your city.”a. Does an increase in the crime rate from 4% to 6% represent an increase of
1.12 During a radio broadcast on August 16, 1998, David Essel reported the following three statistics:(1) the U.S. divorce rate is 55%; and when married adults were asked whether they would remarry their spouse, (2) 75% of the women said yes and(3) 65% of the men said yes.a. What is the “stay
1.7 Determine which of the following statements is descriptive in nature and which is inferential.Refer to “Pampering people produces profit” in Applied Example 1.2 (p. 5).a. Of the surveyed spas in 2004, 72% were categorized as day spas.b. Of all visits to spas in 2003, 23% were visits by men.
1.6 Determine which of the following statements is descriptive in nature and which is inferential.Refer to “Even in kindergarten, social skills trump”in Applied Example 1.1 (pp. 4–5).a. Of all U.S. kindergarten teachers, 32% say that“Knowing the alphabet” is an essential skill.b. Of the
1.5 Statistics is defined on page 4 as “the science of collecting, describing, and interpreting data.” Using your own words, write a sentence describing each of the three statistical activities. Retain your work for Exercise 1.87.
1.4 “What You Make Depends on Where You Work.” When grouped by the type of organization they work for, the risk takers (self-employed) rise to the top again. For Java developers, the selfemployed make the most money, followed by those at publicly held companies; both groups earn almost twice as
1.3 [EX01-003] Do you work hard for your money? Java professionals think they do, reporting long working hours at their jobs. Java developers from around the world were surveyed about the number of hours they work weekly. Listed here are the average number of hours worked weekly in various regions
1.2a. Write a 50-word paragraph describing what the word statistics means to you right now.b. Write a 50-word paragraph describing what the word random means to you right now.c. Write a 50-word paragraph describing what the word sample means to you right now.
1.1a. Each of the statistical graphics presented in this section seem to suggest that information is about what population? Is that the case? Justify your answer. Americansb. Describe the information that was collected and used to determine the statistics reported in “Communication method
Design of Experiment You plan to conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of Sleepeze, a new drug that is supposed to reduce the effect of insomnia. You will use a sample of subjects that are treated with the drug and another sample of subjects that are given a placebo.a. What is
More Coke Identify the type of sampling (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, cluster) used when a sample of the 366,000 Coca Cola shareholders is obtained as described. Then determine whether the sampling scheme is likely to result in a sample that is representative of the population of
Coke The Coca Cola Company has 366,000 stockholders and a poll is conducted by randomly selecting 30 stockholders from each of the 50 states. The number of shares held by each sampled stockholder is recorded.a. Are the values obtained discrete or continuous?b. Identify the level of measurement
Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) used in each of the following.a. The weights of people in a sample of elevator passengersb. A movie critic’s ratings of “must see; recommended; not recommended; don’t even think about going.”c. A movie critic’s
Sampling Design You have been hired by Visa to conduct a survey of credit card usage among the full-time students who attend your college. Describe a procedure for obtaining a sample of each type: random, systematic, convenience, stratified, cluster.
Sampling Shortly after the World Trade Center towers were destroyed by terrorists, America Online ran a poll of its Internet subscribers and asked this question: “Should the World Trade Center towers be rebuilt?” Among the 1,304,240 responses, 768,731 answered “yes,” 286,756 answered
Drivers with Cell Phones What are two major problems likely to be encountered in a prospective study in which some drivers have no cell phones while others are asked to use their cell phones while driving?
Sample Design In “Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Triiodothyronine in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery” (Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 275, No. 9), the authors explain that patients were assigned to one of three groups: (1) a group treated with
Random Selection Among the 50 states, one state is randomly selected. Then, a statewide voter registration list is obtained and one name is randomly selected. Does this procedure result in a randomly selected voter?
Confounding Give an example (different from the one in the text) illustrating how confounding occurs.
Sampling Design The Addison-Wesley Publishing Company has commissioned you to survey 100 students who use this book. Describe procedures for obtaining a sample of each type: random, systematic, convenience, stratified, cluster.
Cluster Sample A market researcher randomly selects 10 blocks in the Village of Newport, then asks all adult residents of the selected blocks whether they own a DVD player. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? Simple random sample?Explain.
Stratified Sample General Foods plans to conduct a marketing survey of 100 men and 100 women in Orange County, which consists of an equal number of men and women. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? Simple random sample?Explain.
Systematic Sample A quality control engineer selects every 100th computer power supply unit that passes on a conveyor belt. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? Simple random sample? Explain.
Convenience Sample A news reporter stands on a street corner and obtains a sample of city residents by selecting five passing adults about their smoking habits. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? Simple random sample? Explain.
Sampling Students A classroom consists of 30 students seated in five different rows, with six students in each row. The instructor rolls a die and the outcome is used to select a sample of the students in a particular row. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? Simple random sample?
Sampling Aspirin Tablets A pharmacist thoroughly mixes a container of 1000 Bufferin tablets, then scoops a sample of 50 tablets that are to be tested for the exact aspirin content. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? Simple random sample? Explain.
Graphs Currently, women earn about 74 cents for each dollar earned by men doing the same job. Draw a graph that depicts this information objectively, then draw a graph that exaggerates the difference. (Hint: See Figure 1-1.)
Biased Wording Write a survey question that addresses a topic of your interest. First word the question objectively, then word it to encourage responses in one direction, then reword it a third time to sway responses in the opposite direction.
What’s Wrong with This Picture? Try to identify each of the four major flaws in the following. A daily newspaper ran a survey by asking readers to call in their response to this question: “Do you support the development of atomic weapons that could kill millions of innocent people?” It was
Phony Data A researcher at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Research Center was once criticized for falsifying data. Among his data were figures obtained from 6 groups of mice, with 20 individual mice in each group. These values were given for the percentage of successes in each group: 53%, 58%, 63%,
Percentages in the Mediaa. A New York Times editorial criticized a chart caption that described a dental rinse as one that “reduces plaque on teeth by over 300%.” What is wrong with that statement?b. In the New York Times Magazine, a report about the decline of Western investment in Kenya
Percentages in Campus Crime In a study on college campus crimes committed by students high on alcohol or drugs, a mail survey of 1875 students was conducted. A USA Today article noted, “Eight percent of the students responding anonymously say they’ve committed a campus crime. And 62% of that
Percentages in a Study of Lipitora. In a study of the cholesterol drug Lipitor, 270 patients were given a placebo, and 19 of those 270 patients reported headaches. What percentage of this placebo group reported headaches?b. Among the 270 patients in the placebo group, 3.0% reported back pains. What
Percentages in a Gallup Polla. In a Gallup poll, 52% of 1038 surveyed adults said that secondhand smoke is “very harmful.” What is the actual number of adults who said that secondhand smoke is“very harmful”?b. Among the 1038 surveyed adults, 52 said that secondhand smoke is “not at all
SIDS In a letter to the editor in the New York Times, Moorestown, New Jersey, resident Jean Mercer criticized the statement that “putting infants in supine position has decreased deaths from SIDS.” SIDS refers to sudden infant death syndrome, and the supine position is lying on the back with
Longevity You need to conduct a study of longevity for people who were born after the end of World War II in 1945. If you were to visit graveyards and use the birth/death dates listed on tombstones, would you get good results? Why or why not?
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