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elementary statistics

Questions and Answers of Elementary Statistics

The following table presents the budget (in millions) for selected organizations that received U.S. government funding for arts and culture in both 2006 and 2016.a. Compute the least-squares
The following table lists the heights (inches) and weights (pounds) of 14 National Football League quarterbacks in the 2016 season.a. Compute the least-squares regression line for predicting weight
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by burning fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas, and has been connected to global warming. The following table presents the average amounts (in metric tons) of
Foot ulcers are a common problem for people with diabetes. Higher skin temperatures on the foot indicate an increased risk of ulcers. In a study carried out at the Colorado School of Mines, skin
The following table presents interest rates, in percent, for 30-year and 15-year fixed-rate mortgages, for January through December, 2012.a. Compute the least-squares regression line for predicting
A blood pressure measurement consists of two numbers: the systolic pressure, which is the maximum pressure taken when the heart is contracting, and the diastolic pressure, which is the minimum
Do larger butterflies live longer? The wingspan (in millimeters) and the lifespan in the adult state (in days) were measured for 22 species of butterfly. Following are the results.a. Compute the
The following display from the TI-84 Plus calculator presents the least-squares regression line for predicting a student’s score on a statistics exam (y) from the number of hours spent studying
The following display from the TI-84 Plus calculator presents the least-squares regression line for predicting the price of a certain stock (y) from the prime interest rate in percent (x).a. Write
The following MINITAB output presents the least-squares regression line for predicting the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere from the concentration of oxides of nitrogen (NOx).a. Write the
The following MINITAB output presents the least-squares regression line for predicting the score on a final exam from the score on a midterm exam.a. Write the equation of the least-squares regression
A business school professor computed a least-squares regression line for predicting the salary in $1000s for a graduate from the number of years of experience. The results are presented in the
A biologist computed a least-squares regression line for predicting the brain weight in grams of a bird from its body weight in grams. The results are presented in the following Excel output.a. Write
The following table presents math and verbal SAT scores for six freshmen.a. Compute the correlation coefficient between math and verbal SAT score.b. Compute the mean x̄ and the standard deviation sx
A sample of adults was studied to determine the relationship between education level and annual income. The least-squares regression line for predicting income from education level was computed to be
For each of the following residual plots, determine whether a linear model is appropriate. a. b. 15 2.0 10- 1.5 1.0 Residual 0.5 0 Residual -0.5- -1.0 5 0 -5 -10- -1.5- -2.0 -15+ T -2 -1 0 1 2 -10 -5
In each of the following plots, one point is an outlier. The blue solid line is the least-squares regression line computed without using the outlier, and the red dashed line is the least-squares
For each of the following values of the correlation coefficient, determine how much of the variation in the outcome variable is explained by the least-squares regression line.a. r = 0.6b. r =
5. Making predictions for values of the explanatory variable that are outside of the range of the data is called ____________________ .In Exercises 5–10, fill in each blank with the appropriate
A _________________ is the difference between an observed value and a predicted value of the outcome variable.In Exercises 5–10, fill in each blank with the appropriate word or phrase.
The least-squares property says that the __________________ is smaller for the least-squares regression line than for any other line.In Exercises 5–10, fill in each blank with the appropriate word
An outlier that strongly affects the position of a least-squares regression line is said to be ______________________.In Exercises 5–10, fill in each blank with the appropriate word or phrase.
The coefficient of determination is the square of the ____________________ .In Exercises 5–10, fill in each blank with the appropriate word or phrase.
The total variation is the sum of the _____________________ and the __________________ .In Exercises 5–10, fill in each blank with the appropriate word or phrase.
When two values have a nonlinear relationship, the residual plot will exhibit a noticeable pattern.In Exercises 11–14, determine whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false,
When the correlation coefficient is close to 1 or −1, there is not necessarily a linear relationship between the variables.In Exercises 11–14, determine whether the statement is true or false. If
The closer r2 is to 0, the closer the predictions made by the least-squares regression line are to the actual values, on average.In Exercises 11–14, determine whether the statement is true or
The coefficient of determination may be interpreted as the proportion of variation in the outcome variable explained by the least-squares regression line.In Exercises 11–14, determine whether the
For the following data set: a. Compute the coefficient of determination.b. How much of the variation in the outcome variable is explained by the least-squares regression line? x y 5 12 6 3. 9 4 5 8
For the following data set:a. Compute the coefficient of determination.b. How much of the variation in the outcome variable is explained by the least-squares regression line? x 95 7 13 -8-2 6-10 y 3
For the following data set:a. Compute the least-squares regression line.b. Which point is an outlier?c. Remove the outlier and compute the least-squares regression line.d. Is the outlier influential?
For the following data set:a. Compute the least-squares regression line.b. Which point is an outlier?c. Remove the outlier and compute the least-squares regression line.d. Is the outlier influential?
Following is a residual plot produced by MINITAB. Was it appropriate to compute the least-squares regression line? Explain. Residual 0.4 0.3 0.2 Residuals Versus x 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5
Following is a residual plot produced by MINITAB. Was it appropriate to compute the least-squares regression line? Explain. 00 5.0 2.5 Residual 0.0 -2.5 Residuals Versus x -5.0 -10 5 10 x 15 20 20
Following is a residual plot produced by MINITAB. Was it appropriate to compute the least-squares regression line? Explain. Residual -2 -3 1 2 3 5.0 5.5 09 6.0 Residuals Versus x 6.5 X 7.0 7.5 8.0
Following is a residual plot produced by MINITAB. Was it appropriate to compute the least-squares regression line? Explain. 50 50 Residuals Versus x 40 40 30 20 20 Residual 10 10 0 -10 -20 20 + -3 -2
The following table presents the temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, and barometric pressure, in inches of mercury, on August 15 at 12 noon in Macon, Georgia, over a nine-year period.a. Compute the
The following table presents the ages of the last 10 U.S. presidents and their wives on the first day of their presidencies.a. Compute the least-squares regression line for predicting the
In a study to determine whether the frequency of a certain mutant gene increases with age, the number of mutant genes per microgram of DNA was counted for each of 29 men. The results are presented in
The following table presents the U.S. imports and exports (in billions of dollars) for each of 29 months.a. Compute the least-squares regression line for predicting exports (y) from imports (x).b.
The following table presents the average sales price (in $1000s) and the average monthly rental price of homes in selected U.S. cities in a recent month.a. Compute the least-squares regression line
The following table presents the average ticket price (the average price paid per attendee) in dollars and the gross revenue (in millions of dollars) for Broadway productions for each of 20
For the house data in Table 4.1, the average selling price is ̄y = 447.0. Imagine that you do not know the size of any house, so you predict the selling price of each of them to be 447.0. This is
The following table presents the speed (in mph) and the stopping distance (in feet) for a sample of cars.a. Compute the least-squares regression line for predicting stopping distance (y) from speed
The number of theaters showing the movie Monsters University x days after opening are presented in the following table.Construct a scatterplot with number of days on the horizontal axis and number of
Use the data in Exercise 2 to compute the correlation between the number of days after the opening of the movie and the number of theaters showing the movie. Is the association positive or negative?
A scatterplot has a correlation of r = −1. Describe the pattern of the points.
In a survey of U.S. cities, it is discovered that there is a positive correlation between the number of paved streets in the city and the number of registered cars. Does this mean that paving more
The following table presents the average delay in minutes for departures and arrivals of domestic flights at O’Hare Airport in Chicago for selected years.Compute the least-squares regression line
Use the least-squares regression line computed in Exercise 6 to predict the average delay in arrival time in a year when the average delay in departure time is 58.5 minutes.
Use the least-squares regression line computed in Exercise 6 to compute the residual for the year when the average delay in departure time was 58.4 minutes and the average delay in arrival time was
Refer to Exercise 6.If the average delay in departure times differs by 2 minutes from one year to the next, by how much would you predict the average delay in arrival times to change?Exercise 6The
A scatterplot has a least-squares regression line with a slope of 0.What is the correlation coefficient?
Compute the least-squares regression line for the following data set. x y 17 0 1 3 4 7 9 5 4 3 2 1
Two lines are drawn on a scatterplot. The sum of squared residuals for line A is 558.2, and the sum of squared residuals for line B is 723.1. Which of the following is true about the sum of squared
A sample of students was studied to determine the relationship between sleeping habits and classroom performance. The least-squares regression line for predicting the score on a standardized exam
In a scatterplot, the point (−2, 7) is influential. If this point is removed from the scatterplot, which of the following describes the effect on the least-squares regression line?i. It will shift
The correlation coefficient for a data set is r = −0.6. How much of the variation in the outcome variable is explained by the least-squares regression line?
Describe an example in which two variables are strongly correlated, but changes in one do not cause changes in the other.
Explain why the predicted value ̂y is always equal to ̄y when r = 0.
Describe conditions under which the slope of the least-squares line will be equal to the correlation coefficient.
Describe circumstances under which the sum of the squared residuals will equal zero. What conclusions can be drawn about the least-squares regression line in this case?
Explain why extrapolation may lead to unreliable results.
Explain how it is possible for a point to be an outlier without being an influential point.
1. The following table, reproduced from the chapter introduction, presents the inflation rate and unemployment rate, both in percent, for the years 1988–2015.We will investigate some methods for
The population of country A is twice as large as the population of country B. True or false: If images are used to represent the populations, both the height and width of the image for country A
If the baseline of a bar graph or time-series plot is not at zero, then the differences may appear to be __________________ than they actually are.
A plot that represents how much of something there is may be misleading if the baseline is not at ______________________.In Exercises 3 and 4, fill in each blank with the appropriate word or phrase.
The area principle says that when images are used to compare amounts, the areas of the images should be ______________________ to the amounts.In Exercises 3 and 4, fill in each blank with the
Sales of CDs have been declining for several years as more music is downloaded over the Internet. Following are two bar graphs that illustrate the decline in CD sales. (Source: Recording Industry
The following time-series plot and bar graph both present the sales of digital music for the years 2012–2015. Which of the graphs presents the more accurate picture? Why? Million $ 5000 4800- 5000
The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached its lowest point in recent history on October 9, 2008, when it closed at$8,579. Eight years later, on October 10, 2016, the average had risen to
In 2007, U.S. residents saved approximately $310 billion. In 2015, that amount was $784 billion, about two-and-a-half times greater. Which of the following graphs compares these totals more
The following bar graph presents the number of hot dogs eaten by the men’s and women’s winner of Nathan’s Famous Hot Dog eating championship for the years 2011–2016. Does the graph present an
The following bar graph presents the revenue (in millions of $) for the music industry from music streaming and music downloading for the years 2010–2015. Does the graph present an accurate picture
Of the 100 members of the United States Senate recently, 80 were men and 20 were women. The following three-dimensional bar graph attempts to present this information.a. Explain how this graph is
Data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau suggests that the age at which women first marry has increased over time. The following time-series plot presents the average age at which women first marry
Both of the following time-series plots present the percentage of U.S. adults who have earned college degrees during the years 2007–2015.Which of the following statements is true and why?i. The
Both of the following time-series plots present the percentage of income spent on food by U.S. residents for the years 1998 through 2014. Which of the following statements is more accurate, and
Following is the list of letter grades for students in an algebra class: A, B, F, A, C, C, A, B, D, F, D, A, A, B, C, F, B, D, C, A, A, A, F, B, C, A, C. Construct a frequency distribution for these
Construct a relative frequency distribution for the data in Exercise 1.Exercise 1 Following is the list of letter grades for students in an algebra class: A, B, F, A, C, C, A, B, D, F, D, A, A, B, C,
Construct a frequency bar graph for the data in Exercise 1.Exercise 1 Following is the list of letter grades for students in an algebra class: A, B, F, A, C, C, A, B, D, F, D, A, A, B, C, F, B, D, C,
Construct a pie chart for the data in Exercise 1.Exercise 1 Following is the list of letter grades for students in an algebra class: A, B, F, A, C, C, A, B, D, F, D, A, A, B, C, F, B, D, C, A, A, A,
The first class in a relative frequency distribution is 2.0–4.9, and there are six classes. Find the remaining five classes.What is the class width?
True or false: A histogram can have more than one mode.
A sample of 100 students was asked how many hours per week they spent studying. The following frequency distribution shows the results.a. Construct a frequency histogram for these data.b. Construct a
Construct a frequency polygon for the data in Exercise 7.Exercise 7 A sample of 100 students was asked how many hours per week they spent studying. The following frequency distribution shows the
Construct a relative frequency ogive for the data in Exercise 7.Exercise 7 A sample of 100 students was asked how many hours per week they spent studying. The following frequency distribution shows
Following are the prices (in dollars) for a sample of coffee makers.Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for these data. 19 22 29 68 35 37 28 22 41 39 28
Following are the prices (in dollars) for a sample of espresso makers.Construct a back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot for these data and the data in Exercise 11.Exercise 11Following are the prices (in
Construct a dotplot for the data in Exercise 11.Exercise 11Following are the prices (in dollars) for a sample of coffee makers.Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for these data. 19 22 29 68 35 37 28 22
The following table presents the percentage of Americans who use a cell phone exclusively, with no landline phone, for the years 2011–2014. Construct a time-series plot for these data. Time Period
According to the area principle, if one amount is twice as much as another, its image should have as much area as the other image.
The following relative frequency distribution presents the usage in percent of various Internet browsers worldwide in 2016.a. Construct a relative frequency bar graph.b. Construct a pie chart.c. True
The following table presents the percentage of people who lived in poverty in the various regions of the United States in the years 2010 and 2014.a. Construct a side-by-side bar graph for these
Following are the numbers of subscribers (in millions) to the music streaming services Pandora and Spotify for the years 2010 through 2016:a. Construct a time-series plot for the number of Pandora
Cancer has long been the second most common cause of death (behind heart disease) in the United States.Cancer risk increases with age, so that older people are much more likely to be diagnosed with
The following time-series plots both present estimates for the number of births per 1000 people worldwide for the years 1992–2014.Which of the following statements is more accurate? Explain your
In what ways do frequency distributions for qualitative data differ from those for quantitative data?
Provide an example of a data set whose histogram you would expect to be skewed to the right. Explain why you would expect the histogram to be skewed to the right.

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