Essentials Of Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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House prices. The mean and median selling prices of existing single-family homes sold in 2007 were $218,900 and $265,800.4 Which of these numbers is the mean and which is the median? Explain how you know.
New York travel times. Find the mean of the travel times to work for the 20 New York workers in Example 2.3. Compare the mean and median for these data. What general fact does your comparison illustrate?
Health care spending. Table 1.3 (page 22) gives the annual health care spending per person in 38 richer nations. The United States, at $5711 per person, is a high outlier. Find the mean health care spending in these nations with and without the United States. How much does the one outlier increase
Pulling wood apart. Example 1.9 (page 20) gives the breaking strength in pounds of 20 pieces of Douglas fir. Find the mean breaking strength. How many of the pieces of wood have strengths less than the mean? What feature of the stemplot (Figure 1.11, page 21) explains the fact that the mean is
The cost of college. Here are data on the average tuition and fees charged to in-state students by public four-year colleges and universities for the 1976 to 2007 academic years. Because almost any variable measured in dollars increases over time due to inflation (the falling buying power of a
Health care spending. Table 1.3 shows the annual spending per person on health care in the world’s richer countries.11 Make a stemplot of the data after rounding to the nearest $100 (so that stems are thousands of dollars and leaves are hundreds of dollars). Split the stems, placing leaves 0 to 4
Traveling to work. Make a stemplot of the average travel times to work in Table 1.2.Use whole minutes as your stems. Because the stemplot preserves the actual values of the observations, it is easy to find the midpoint (26th of the 51 observations in order)and the spread. What are they?
Unmarried women. Figure 1.9 shows the distribution of the state percents of women aged 15 and over who have never been married.(a) The main body of the distribution is slightly skewed to the right. There is one clear outlier, the District of Columbia. Why is it not surprising that the percent of
Traveling to work. In Exercise 1.6, you made a histogram of the average travel times to work in Table 1.2. The shape of the distribution is a bit irregular. Is it closer to symmetric or skewed? About where is the center (midpoint) of the data? What is the spread in terms of the smallest and largest
Choosing classes in a histogram. The data set menu that accompanies the One Variable Statistical Calculator applet includes the data on foreign-born residents in the states from Table 1.1. Choose these data, then click on the “Histogram” tab to see a histogram.(a) How many classes does the
Traveling to work. How long must you travel each day to get to work or school?Table 1.2 gives the average travel times to work for workers in each state who are TABLE 1.2 Average travel time to work (minutes) for adults employed outside the home STATE TIME STATE TIME STATE TIME Alabama 23.6
Never on Sunday? Births are not, as you might think, evenly distributed across the days of the week. Here are the average numbers of babies born on each day of the week in 2005:5 Day Births Sunday 7,374 Monday 11,704 Tuesday 13,169 Wednesday 13,038 Thursday 13,013 Friday 12,664 Saturday 8,459
How much do students drink? Penn State University reports the following data on the average number of drinks consumed “when partying” for various groups of its students.4 At least, these are the averages of what students claimed when asked.Student group Average drinks Men 6.65 Women 4.31 Live
Do you listen to country radio? The rating service Arbitron places U.S. radio stations into more than 50 categories that describe the kind of programs they broadcast. Which formats attract the largest audiences? Here are Arbitron’s measurements of the share of the listening audience (aged 12 and
Students and TV. You are preparing to study the television-viewing habits of college students. Describe two categorical variables and two quantitative variables that you might measure for each student. Give the units of measurement for the quantitative variables.
Fuel economy. Here is a small part of a data set that describes the fuel economy (in miles per gallon) of 2008 model motor vehicles:Make and Vehicle Transmission Number of City Highway model type type cylinders mpg mpg...Aston Martin Vantage Two-seater Manual 8 12 19 Honda Civic Subcompact
16.36 Giving versus receiving, choosing the right statistical test, interpreting data, and data ethics: In what some people call the “hedonic treadmill, ” the pleasure we receive from something tends to go down over time. A rare night out at a fancy restaurant brings much happiness, but if you
16.35 Photoshop, body image, and choosing the right statistical test: The lingerie company Aerie stopped modifying the photos of its models in an ad campaign that it called Aerie Real. Psychology researchers wondered whether this was just a publicity stunt or whether it could have a positive impact
16.34 Food, negotiations, and choosing the right statistical test: Whether it’s a diplomatic engagement or just a family holiday, eating together can go a long way toward getting people on the same wavelength. One study looked at whether eating similar foods actually has an effect on how well we
16.33 Airport security, floppy-eared dogs, perceived friendliness, and choosing the right statistical test: A recent news headline asked, “Do Floppy-Eared Dogs Look Friendlier?” It then responded to its own question, also in the headline: “The T.S.A. Thinks So” (Mervosh, 2019). The
16.32 Cows with names and choosing the right statistical test: “Ermintrude, Daisy and La vache qui rit may produce as much as 454 pints more [milk] each year than cows with no names” (Gammell, 2009). So began a news report about a study of 516 British dairy farmers, in which cows with names
16.31 Ride-sharing data around the world and choosing the right statistical test: One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ride-sharing apps to get around. Her year-end report from Uber included a number of data points, many of which involved how Uber is used around the
16.30 Ride-sharing data and choosing the right statistical test: One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ride-sharing apps to get around. Her year-end report from Uber included two data points based on her own history with the app. The following questions quote from the
16.29 Cats versus dogs and choosing the right statistical test: The American Veterinary Association (AVA) published data on dog and cat ownership in the United States (Duff, 2017). For each example, state the variables, identify what type of variable each is, indicate which is the independent
16.28 Swearing and choosing the right statistical test: British linguistics researcher Jack Grieve created maps of which swear words are most common across regions of the United States (Carey, 2015). Using data from billions of tweets worldwide, he had a computer count the frequency of a range of
16.27 Researchers reported that they planned to collect data for a sample size of N = 128 to attain 80% power to detect a finding with a medium effect size, an alpha level of 0.05, and a two-tailed test.a. Would the researchers report these statistics in the Methods section or the Results section
16.26 For one of the main effects of a two-way ANOVA, researchers reported the following: F(1, 124) = 5.50, p = 0.02.a. Would the researchers report these statistics in the Methods section or the Results section of their research report? Explain your answer.b. We know from the p value, which is
16.25 Researchers conducted a study that compared two groups on a scale variable, and reported a confidence interval around the difference between means of [−0.26, 1.74].a. Would the researchers report the confidence interval in the Methods section or the Results section of their research report?
16.24 Researchers studied mind wandering during video lectures using eye-tracking equipment. They reported that “We discarded data from three participants for technical failures that resulted in incomplete recording … which left a total of 72 participants for data analysis (mean age = 18.86
16.23 Researchers conducted a chi-square test for goodness of fit comparing two groups and calculated a test statistic of 10.030. This corresponded to a p value of 0.002. They calculated an effect size of 0.09. There were 298 people in the analysis. How would you report these statistics in APA
16.22 Researchers compared three groups on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 2.39 with a sample of 559 people. The p value was 0.09. The mean for the first group was 94.52 with a standard deviation of 95.93; the mean for the second group was 77.07 with a standard deviation of
16.21 Researchers compared 630 women and 570 men on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 7.50 with a sample of 392 people. The p value was less than 0.001. The mean for women was 54.7 with a standard deviation of 31.36, and the mean for men was 47.2 with a standard deviation of
difference between the two means ranged from 115 to 154. The effect size was 1.69. How would you report these statistics in APA style?
16.20 Researchers conducted an independent-samples t test and calculated a test statistic of 13.48 with a sample of 392 people. The p value was less than 0.001. Means were 546 with a standard deviation of 122, and 411 with a standard deviation of 49. The 95% confidence interval for the
16.19 Which Open Science Framework badges exist and what does each mean?
16.18 When researchers preregister a study or provide data or materials at the time they publish their research, they either provide a permanent online link or upload a time-stamped document that cannot be altered. From the perspective of ethical, transparent science, why is this necessary?
16.17 In which section of a paper should researchers report information about their test statistic, p value, and effect size?
16.16 In which section of a paper should researchers report information about how they determined their sample size or their planned statistical analyses?
16.15 What is JARS, and why is it useful to researchers writing up the results of a study?
16.14 What is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and why is it useful to researchers writing up the results of a study?
16.13 Based on the decision tree presented in Figure 16-1, what are the possible appropriate statistical tests for when there is at least one ordinal variable? (You only have to list the tests for this exercise.)
16.12 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a chi-square test for independence?
16.11 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a chi-square test for goodness of fit?
16.10 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a two-way between-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
16.9 What are the possibilities for the types of variables and research designs that would be analyzed with a factorial ANOVA?
16.8 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a one-way between-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
16.7 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a one-way within-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
16.6 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with an independent-samples t test? What research design would be used?
16.5 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a paired-samples t test? What research design would be used?
16.4 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a single-sample t test? What do we need to know about the levels of the independent variable? What do we need to know about the population?
16.3 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a z test? What do we need to know about the levels of the independent variable? What do we need to know about the population?
16.1 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a Pearson correlation coefficient? What is the research question that a Pearson correlation coefficient addresses? 16.2 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a regression analysis? What is the research question that a
15.46 The prisoner’s dilemma, cross-cultural research, and hypothesis testing: In a classic prisoner’s dilemma game with money for prizes, players who cooperate with each other both earn good prizes. If, however, your opposing player cooperates but you do not (the term used is defect), you
15.45 Gender bias, poor growth, and hypothesis testing: Grimberg et al., (2005) wondered whether gender biases were evident in referrals of children for poor growth. They believed that boys were more likely to be referred even when there was no problem—which is bad for boys because families of
15.44 Utah was the first U.S. state to implement a particularly strict drunk-driving law. As reporter Christopher Ingraham (2017) wrote, “At a [blood alcohol content (BAC)] of 0.08, a driver’s odds of getting into a crash are about four times greater than a sober driver’s. At 0.05, however,
15.43 Reporter Aaron Carroll (2018) described a new study that warned of the risks of drinking, even a little. Carroll wrote, “The news warns that even one drink per day carries a risk. But how great is that risk? For each set of 100,000 people who have one drink a day per year, 918 can expect to
15.42 Police lineups, SPSS, and adjusted standardized residual: In Check Your Learning 15-8, we introduced the example of the Chicago Police Department’s study of lineups. The printout from SPSS software at the bottom of this page depicts the data for the six cells.a. For simultaneous lineups,
15.41 Premarital doubts, divorce, and chi square: In an article titled “Do Cold Feet Warn of Trouble Ahead?, ” researchers studied 464 married heterosexual spouses to determine whether doubts before marriage were predictive of marital troubles, and divorce, later on (Lavner et al., 2012). The
15.40 Gender, ESPN, and chi square: Many of the numbers we see in the news could be analyzed with chi square. The feminist blog Culturally Disoriented examined the photos in the 2012 “body issue” of ESPN The Magazine—the publication’s annual spread of photographs of nude athletes. The
15.39 The General Social Survey, an exciting life, and relative risk: In How It Works 15.2, we walked through a chi-square test for independence using two items from the General Social Survey (GSS)—LIFE and MOBILE16. Use these data to answer the following questions.a. Construct a table that shows
15.38 Romantic music, behavior, chi square, and effect size: Guéguen et al., (2010) investigated whether exposure to romantic music affects dating behavior. The participants, young, single, heterosexual French women, waited for the experiment to start in a room in which songs with either romantic
15.37 Gender, op-ed writers, and hypothesis testing: Richards (2006) reported data from a study by The American Prospect on the genders of op-ed writers who addressed the topic of abortion in The New York Times. Over a 2-year period, The American Prospect counted 124 articles that discussed
15.36 Sex selection and hypothesis testing: Across all of India, there are only 933 girls for every 1000 boys (Lloyd, 2006), evidence of a bias that leads many parents to illegally select for boys or to kill their infant girls. (Note that this translates into a proportion of girls of 0.483.) In
15.35 Immigration, crime, and research design: “Do Immigrants Make Us Safer?” asked the title of a New York Times Magazine article (Press, 2006). The article reported findings from several U.S.-based studies, including several conducted by Harvard sociologist Robert Sampson in Chicago. For each
15.34 Researching selfies and types of variables: Here are three ways to assess data related to selfies: (1) numbers of selfies taken in a month, (2) whether you took any selfies this past month, and (3) where you rank in terms of the number of selfies you took in the past month. For example, Abdul
15.33 Sexual orientation, activism, and types of variables: Researcher Eric Swank (2018) analyzed survey data to determine whether people who are gay or lesbian are more likely than those who are heterosexual to become activists for various causes. Spoiler alert: Gays and lesbians are more likely
15.32 Types of variables and student evaluations of professors: Weinberg et al., (2007) studied almost 50,000 students’ evaluations of their professors in nearly 400 economics courses at The Ohio State University over a 10-year period. For each of their findings outlined here, state (i) the
15.31 Parametric or nonparametric test? For each of the following research questions, state whether a parametric or nonparametric hypothesis test is more appropriate. Explain your answers.a. Are women more or less likely than men to be economics majors?b. At a small company with 15 staff and one
15.30 Gender, the Oscars, and nonparametric tests: In 2010, Sandra Bullock won an Academy Award for best actress. Shortly thereafter, she discovered that her husband was cheating on her. Headlines erupted about a supposed Oscar curse that befalls women, and many in the media wondered whether
15.29 Gender, salary negotiation, and chi square: Researchers investigated whether language in job postings affected the likelihood that women and men would negotiate regarding salary (Leibbrandt & List, 2012). Some job postings clearly indicated that the salary was negotiable, and others contained
15.28 A nonparametric test and gender differences in obeying bicycling laws: Students at Hunter College studied bicycle safety in New York City (Tuckel & Milczarski, 2014). They reported data on cyclists who were riding their own bikes and were not cycling as part of their job (e.g., they were not
15.27 The following table represents the observed frequencies for hypothetical data on housing status and having a car. The table also includes the adjusted standardized residuals for each of the cells. Using this information and the criterion of 2, indicate for which of these cells there is a
15.26 The following table (output from SPSS) represents the observed frequencies for the data presented in Exercise 15.24 and the adjusted standardized residuals for each of the cells. Using this information and the criterion of 2, indicate for which of these cells there is a significant difference
15.25 The following data are from a study of lung cancer patients in Turkey (Yilmaz et al., 2000). Use these data to calculate the relative likelihood of the patient being a smoker, given that a person is female rather than male. Nonsmoker Smoker Female 186 13 Male 182 723
15.24 Following are data for a chi-square test for independence. Observed Accidents No Accidents Rain 19 26 45 No rain 20 71 91 39 97 136a. Calculate the degrees of freedom for this test.b. Complete this table of expected frequencies. Expected Accidents No Accidents Rain No rainc. Calculate the
15.23 Use this calculation table for the chi-square test for goodness of fit to complete this exercise.Category Observed (O) Expected (E) O − E (O − E) 2 (O − E) 2 E 1 750 625 2 650 625 3 600 625 4 500 625a. Calculate degrees of freedom for this chi-square test for goodness of fit.b. Perform
15.22 Use this calculation table for the chi-square test for goodness of fit to complete this exercise. Category Observed (O) Expected (E) O − E (O − E) 2 (O − E) 2 E 1 48 60 2 46 30 3 6 10a. Calculate degrees of freedom for this chi-square test for goodness of fit.b. Perform all of the
15.21 For each of the following, identify the independent variable(s), the dependent variable(s), and the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, scale).a. The number of loads of laundry washed per month was tracked for first-year students and seniors living in university dorms.b. A researcher
15.20 For each of the following, (i) identify the incorrect symbol, (ii) state what the correct symbol should be, and (iii) explain why the initial symbol was incorrect.a. For the chi-square test for goodness of fit: dfχ2 = N − 1b. For the chi-square test for independence: dfχ2 = (krow − 1) +
15.19 Which graph is most useful for displaying the results of a chi-square test for independence?
15.18 Why might relative likelihood be easier to understand as an effect size than Cramér’s V?
15.17 What is the difference between relative likelihood and relative risk?
15.16 To calculate relative likelihood, what must we first calculate?
15.15 What information does the measure of relative likelihood provide?
15.14 What is the formula Totalcolumn N (Totalrow) used for?
15.13 Define the symbols in the following formula: χ 2 = Σ [ (O − E) 2 E
15.12 What measure of effect size is used with chi square?
15.11 How are adjusted standardized residuals used as a post hoc test for chi-square tests?
15.10 How are adjusted standardized residuals calculated?
15.9 What information is presented in a contingency table in the chi-square test for independence?
15.8 Why is there just one critical value for a chi-square test, even when the hypothesis is a two-tailed test?
15.7 How are the degrees of freedom for the chi-square hypothesis tests different from those of most other hypothesis tests?
15.6 What are the hypotheses when conducting the chi-square test for goodness of fit?
15.5 List two ways in which statisticians use the word independence or independent with respect to concepts introduced earlier in this book. Then describe how independence is used by statisticians with respect to chi square.
15.4 What are the four assumptions for the chi-square tests?
15.3 What is the difference between the chi-square test for goodness of fit and the chi-square test for independence?
15.2 What are the three main situations in which we use a nonparametric test?
15.1 Distinguish among nominal, ordinal, and scale data.
14.50 Corporate political contributions, profits, and regression: Researchers studied whether corporate political contributions predicted profits (Cooper et al., 2007). From archival data, they determined how many political candidates each company supported with financial contributions, as well as
14.49 Age, hours studied, and regression: In How It Works 13.2, we calculated the correlation coefficient between students’ age and the number of hours they study per week. The mean for age is 21, and the standard deviation is 1.789. The mean for hours studied is 14.2, and the standard deviation

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Essentials Of Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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