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essentials of statistics

Essentials Of Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

3.37 Bar graph of acceptance rates for different types of psychology doctoral programs: The American Psychological Association (Michalski et al., 2016) gathered data from almost 1000 psychology doctoral programs in the United States. (Note: If a school offered, say, four different psychology
3.36 Time series plot of organ donations: The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) is a nonprofit organization that compiles data from a range of institutions—from governmental organizations to hospitals to universities. Among the many topics that interest public health specialists is
3.35 Scatterplot of gross domestic product and education levels: The Group of Seven (G7) consists of many of the major world economic powers. It meets annually to discuss pressing world problems. Here are 1 year’s data for gross domestic product (GDP) and a measure of education. The measure of
3.34 Scatterplot of daily cycling distances and type of climb: Every summer, the touring company America by Bicycle conducts the “Cross Country Challenge, ” a 7-week bicycle journey across the United States from San Francisco, California, to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. At some point during the
3.33 Type of graph for comparative suicide rates: The World Health Organization tracks suicide rates by gender across countries. For example, in 1 year, the rate of suicide per 100,000 men was 17.3 in Canada, 17.7 in the United States, 44.6 in Sri Lanka, 53.9 in the Russian Federation, 1.4 in South
3.32 Type of graph for the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression: A social worker tracked the depression levels of clients being treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. For each client, depression was assessed at weeks 1 to 20 of therapy. She calculated a mean for
3.31 Graphing the relation between international researchers and the impact of research: Does research from international teams make a bigger splash? Researchers explored whether research conducted by multinational research teams had a bigger impact than research from teams with less international
3.30 Students in a statistics course reported the number of hours of sleep they get on a typical weeknight. These data appear below. 5 6.5 6 8 6 6 6 7 5 7 6 6.5 7 6 7 4 8 6a. Create a dot plot of these data.b. Use the dot plot to describe the distribution of the set of scores.
3.29a. Using the following set of data, construct a dot plot. 3.5 2.0 4.0 3.5 2.0 2.5 4.5 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 3.5 3.5b. Refer to the dot plot created for part (a). Does it depict a symmetric or a skewed distribution?
3.28 The scatterplot in How It Works 3.1 depicts the relation between fertility and life expectancy. Each dot represents a country.a. Approximately, what is the highest life expectancy in years? Approximately, what fertility rate (children per woman) is associated with the highest life
3.27 If you had the following range of data for one variable, how might you label the relevant axis? 0.10 0.31 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.22 0.36 0.18
3.26 When creating a graph, we need to make a decision about the numbering of the axes. If you had the following range of data for one variable, how might you label the relevant axis?337 280 279 311 294 301 342 273
3.25 The following figure presents the enrollment of graduate students at a university, across six fall terms, as a percentage of the total student population.a. What kind of visual display is this?b. What other type of visual display could have been used?c. What is missing from the axes?d. What
3.24 What elements are missing from the graphs in Exercises 3.22 and 3.23?
3.23 Do the data in the graph below show a linear relation, a nonlinear relation, or no relation? Explain.
3.22 Do the data in the graph below show a linear relation, a nonlinear relation, or no relation? Explain
3.21 You are exploring the relation between news source (online news Web sites versus social media) and knowledge about current affairs, as measured by scores on a test about world news.a. In this study, what are the independent and dependent variables?b. Is news source a nominal, ordinal, or scale
3.20 Alumni giving rates for a number of universities, calculated as the number of alumni who donated and the number who did not donate in a given year, represent which kind of variable— nominal, ordinal, or scale? What would be an appropriate graph to depict these data?
3.19 Alumni giving rates, calculated as the total dollars donated per year from 2010 to 2020, represent which kind of variable- nominal, ordinal, or scale? What would be an appropriate graph to depict these data?
3.18 What information does a violin plot depict?
3.17 Why is it important to show variability on a graph, rather than just presenting a bar graph?
3.16 Geographic information systems (GIS), such as those provided by computerized graphing technologies, are particularly powerful tools for answering what kinds of research questions?
3.15 Chartjunk comes in many forms. What specifically are moiré vibrations, grids, and ducks?
3.14 Under what circumstances would the x-axis and y-axis not start at 0?
3.13 Why is it important to identify the independent variable and the dependent variable before creating a visual display?
3.12 Why are bar graphs preferred over pictorial graphs and pie charts?
3.11 What are pictorial graphs and pie charts?
3.10 In what way are dot plots similar to histograms?
3.9 What are potential benefits of using a dot plot instead of a histogram?
3.8 Bar graphs and histograms look very similar. In your own words, what is the difference between the two?
3.7 What is the difference between a bar graph and a Pareto chart?
3.6 What is the difference between a line graph and a time plot?
3.5 How can we tell whether two variables are linearly or nonlinearly related?
3.4 What does it mean for two variables to be linearly related?
3.3 What does an individual dot on a scatterplot represent?
3.2 What are the steps to create a scatterplot?
3.1 What is a figure?
2.41 Frequencies, distributions, and graduate advising: In a study of mentoring in chemistry fields, a team of chemists and social scientists identified the most successful U.S. mentors— professors whose students were hired by the top 50 chemistry departments in the United States (Kuck et al.,
2.40 Developing research ideas from frequency distributions: Below are frequency distributions for two sets of the friends data described in Exercise 2.38, one for the students and one for the faculty members studied. Interval Faculty frequency Student frequency 24–27 0 2 20–23 0 37 16–19 0
2.39 Frequencies, distributions, and obesity around the world: The World Happiness Report publishes a number of indicators related to physical and psychological well-being (Helliwell et al., 2018). For example, it publishes adult obesity rates for more than 30 countries, with those percentages
2.38 Frequencies, distributions, and numbers of friends: A college student is interested in how many friends the average person has. She decides to count the number of people who appear in photographs on display in dorm rooms and offices across campus. She collects data on 84 students and 33
2.37 Skew and movie ratings: IMDb (Internet Movie Database) publishes average ratings of movies worldwide. Anyone can log on and rate a film. What’s the worst-rated film of the more than 235,000 that are listed on IMDb? The Bollywood action-romance Gunday, which earned a rating of 1.4 on a scale
2.36 Skew and surname frequencies: Researchers published a summary of the frequency of surnames based on U.S. Census data (Word et al., 2008). The table lists the frequencies of last names in the left column, the number of last names with that level of frequency in the next column, and then the
2.35 Number of televisions and a grouped frequency distribution: The Canadian Radio-Television and Communications Commission (crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications) gathered data on the numbers of television sets in Canadian homes. Two percent of homes had no television; 28% had one television; 32% had two
2.34 Type of frequency distribution and type of graph: For each of the types of data described below, first state how you would present individual data values or grouped data when creating a frequency distribution. Then, state which visual display(s) of data would be most appropriate to use.
2.33 Types of distributions: Consider these three variables: finishing times in a marathon, number of university dining hall meals eaten in a semester on a three-meal-a-day plan, and scores on a scale of extroversion.a. Which of these variables is most likely to have a normal distribution? Explain
2.32 Frequency tables, histograms, and basketball wins: Here are the number of wins for the 30 U.S. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams from a recent NBA season. 60 44 39 29 23 57 50 43 37 27 49 42 37 29 19 56 51 40 33 26 48 42 31 25 18 53 44 40 29 23a. Create a grouped frequency table for
2.31 Frequency tables, histograms, and life expectancy rates: The United Nations Development Programme (2015) published life expectancy rates—the number of years an adult can expect to live—for 195 countries around the world. Following is a randomly selected sample of 30 of them.Country Life
2.30 Frequency tables, histograms, and the Survey of Earned Doctorates: The Survey of Earned Doctorates provides data on the length of time in years that it takes to complete a doctorate. Each data point is the mean time for one university. Following is a modified list of these completion-time
2.29 Frequency tables, histograms, and the National Survey of Student Engagement: The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) surveys U.S. first-year university students and seniors about their level of engagement in campus and classroom activities that enhance learning. Hundreds of thousands
2.28 If you have an Instagram account, you are allowed to follow up to 7500 other accounts. At that point, Instagram cuts you off, and you have to “unfollow” people to add more. Imagine you collected data from Instagram users at your university about the number of accounts each one follows.a.
2.27 A researcher collects data on the ages of university students. As you have probably observed, the distribution of age clusters around 19 to 22 years, but there are extremes on both the low end (high school prodigies) and the high end (nontraditional students returning to school).a. What type
2.26 Would the data for number of murders by those convicted of the crime be an example of a floor effect or a ceiling effect?
2.25 If the average person convicted of murder killed only one person, serial killers would create what kind of skew?
2.24 Referring to the histogram in Figure 2-1, how many countries had one or two volcanoes?
2.23 Referring to the grouped frequency table in Table 2-6, how many countries had at least 30 volcanoes?
2.22 A grouped frequency table has the following intervals: 30– 44, 45–59, and 60–74. If converted into a histogram, what would the midpoints be?
2.21 If you have data that range from 2 to 68 and you want seven intervals in a grouped frequency table, what would the intervals be?
2.20 On a test of marital satisfaction, scores could range from 0 to 27.a. What is the full range of data, according to the calculation procedure described in this chapter?b. What would the interval size be if we wanted six intervals?c. List the six intervals.
2.19 Report the following numbers to two decimal places: 0.0391, 198.2219, and 17.886.
2.18 Throughout this book, final answers are reported to two decimal places. Report the following numbers this way: 1888.999, 2.6454, and 0.0833.
2.17 Convert 2 out of 2000 into a percentage. Now convert 60 out of 62 into a percentage.
2.16 Counts are often converted to percentages. Convert 817 out of 22,140 into a percentage. Now convert 4009 out of 22,140 into a percentage. What type of variable (nominal, ordinal, or scale) are these data as counts? What kind of variable are they as percentages?
2.15 Convert the following to percentages: 7 out of 39; 122 out of 300.
2.14 Convert the following to percentages: 63 out of 1264; 2 out of 88.
2.13 What is a ceiling effect and how does it affect a distribution?
2.12 What is a floor effect and how does it affect a distribution?
2.11 How do positively skewed distributions and negatively skewed distributions deviate from a normal distribution?
2.10 What is a normal distribution?
2.9 In your own words, define the word distribution, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
2.8 What is the benefit of creating a visual distribution of data rather than simply looking at a list of the data?
2.7 Describe what a histogram looks like, including what goes on the x-axis and the y-axis.
2.6 What are the typical labels for the x-axis and the y-axis in a histogram?
2.5 What is the difference between a histogram and a bar graph?
2.4 Describe two ways that statisticians might use the word interval.
2.3 What is the difference between a frequency table and a grouped frequency table?
2.2 What are the steps to create a frequency table?
2.1 What are raw scores?
1.45 Assessing charitable organizations: Many people do research on charitable organizations before deciding where to donate their money. Tina Rosenberg (2012) reported that traditionally many people have used sources such as Charity Navigator or the Better Business Bureau’s Web sites. Both of
1.44 Ability and wages: Arcidiacono, Bayer, and Hizmo (2008) analyzed data from a national longitudinal survey called NLSY79, which includes data from more than 12,000 men and women in the United States who were in the 14- to 22-year age range in 1979. The researchers reported that ability is
1.43 Experiments, HIV, and cholera: Several studies have documented that people who are HIV-positive are susceptible to cholera (likely because of having a weakened immune system). Researchers in Mozambique (Lucas et al., 2005), a country where an estimated 20% to 30% of the population is
1.42 Romantic relationships: Goodman and Greaves (2010) reported findings from the Millennium Cohort Study, a large research project in the United Kingdom. They stated that “while it is true that cohabiting parents are more likely to split up than married ones, there is very little evidence to
1.41 HARKing, a Texas sharpshooter, and preregistration: Australian psychologist Mark Rubin (2017) likened the unethical practice of HARKing to the tale of the Texas sharpshooter. Rubin explains that the sharpshooter “aims and fires his gun at [a] target on a barn wall but misses. He then walks
1.40 Data ethics and “eat your peas”: The New York Times reporter Anahad O’Connor (2018) reported on a scandal in the field of psychology. A well-known researcher of food-related behaviors, Brian Wansink, resigned from his position at Cornell University after university investigators
1.39 Experimental versus correlational research and recycling: A study in Argentina concluded that grocery store customers were more likely to bring their own bags when stores charged for plastic bags than when stores did not charge (Jakovcevic et al., 2014). Imagine that you want to design a
1.38 Experimental versus correlational research and culture: A researcher interested in the cultural values of individualistic and collectivist societies collects data on the rate of relationship conflict experienced by 32 people who test high for individualism and 37 people who test high for
1.37 Correlational research and vaping: As the use of ecigarettes, or vaping, becomes more popular, researchers are realizing the potential negative effects of this behavior. According to Scientific American (2018), researchers have investigated the harmful effects of nicotine, including its links
1.36 Between-groups versus within-groups and exercise: Noting marked increases in weight across the population, researchers, nutritionists, and physicians have struggled to find ways to stem the tide of obesity in many Western countries. They have advocated a number of exercise programs, and there
1.35 Operationalizing the earnings of comedians: In 2013, Forbes reported the 10 top-earning comedians, and all 10 were men—Daniel Tosh, Kevin Hart, and Larry the Cable Guy among them. A number of online journalists wanted to know why there were no women on the list. Erin Gloria Ryan of Jezebel,
1.34 Operationalizing variables and rap statistics: A few years back, the Web site Rap Genius (now just Genius) analyzes rap music using what it calls RapMetrics (rapgenius.com/posts/63- Introducing-rapmetricstm-the-birth-of-statistical-analysis-of- rap-lyrics). It developed a measure called rhyme
1.33 Reliability, validity, and wine ratings: You may have been in a wine store and wondered just how useful those posted wine ratings are. (They are usually rated on a scale from 50 to 100, with 100 being the top score.) After all, aren't ratings subjective? Corsi and Ashenfelter (2019), studied
1.32 Reliability and validity: Go online and take the personality test found at outofservice.com/starwars. This test assesses your personality in terms of the characters from the original Star Wars movies.a. What does it mean for a test to be reliable? Take the test a second time. Does it seem to
1.31 Discrete versus continuous variables: For each of the following examples, state whether the scale variable is discrete or continuous.a. The capacity, in terms of songs, of a smartphoneb. The playing time of an individual songc. The cost to download a song legallyd. The number of posted reviews
1.30 Types of variables and the Kentucky Derby: The Kentucky Derby is perhaps the premier event in U.S. horse racing. For each of the following examples from the derby, identify the type of variable-nominal, ordinal, or scale.a. As racing fans, we would be very interested in the variable finishing
1.29 Types of variables and Olympic swimming: At the 2012 London Summer Olympics, American Michael Phelps won 4 gold medals, bringing his overall Olympic career total to 18 gold medals, the all-time career record for Olympic gold medals in any sport. One of the events he won was the 100-meter
1.28 Sample versus population in Norway: The Nord-Trøndelag health study surveyed more than 60,000 people in a Norwegian county and reported that gastrointestinal symptoms, depression, and anxiety disorders are strongly related (Haug et al., 2002).a. What is the sample used by these researchers?b.
1.27 Increase in depression globally: According to the World Health Organization (2018a), more than 300 million people suffer from depression globally.a. Do you think the research behind this statistic is based on a sample or a population? Explain.b. Is 300 million a descriptive statistic or an
1.26 A study of the effects of skin tone (light, medium, and dark) on the severity of facial wrinkles in middle age might be of interest to dermatologists.a. What would the independent variable be in this study?b. What would the dependent variable be in this study?c. How many levels would the
1.25 Suppose a researcher is interested in evaluating how pet ownership and social activity affect loneliness.a. Identify the independent variables and the dependent variable.b. Imagine that pet ownership is assessed as either owning no pets or owning at least one pet, and that social activity is
1.24 In the fall of 2008, the stock market plummeted several times, with grave consequences for the world economy. A researcher might assess the economic effect this situation had by seeing how much money people saved in 2009. That amount could be compared to the amount people saved in more

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