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essentials of statistics

The Essentials Of Statistics A Tool For Social Research 4th Edition Joseph F. Healey - Solutions

GER A survey of senior citizens who live in either a housing development specifically designed for retirees or an age-integrated neighborhood has been conducted. Is type of living arrangement related to sense of social isolation? Analyze the relationship with column percentages, the maximum
SOC A researcher has conducted a survey on sexual attitudes for a sample of 317 teenagers. The respondents were asked whether they considered premarital sex “always wrong” or “Not always wrong.” The following tables summarize the relationship between responses to this item and several other
SOC The administration of a local college campus wants to increase the mandatory student fee to finance an upgrading of the football program. A survey of a sample of faculty regarding this proposal has been completed. Is there any association between support for raising fees and the gender,
SOC Is there a relationship between education(degree) and support for the theory of evolution(evolved) and the “big bang” theory of the creation of the universe (bigbang)? Would you predict that the more educated are more supportive of these theories? Why?Use the Crosstabs procedure, following
SOC Is there a relationship between gender and fear of walking alone at night (fear), support for capital punishment (cappun), and job satisfaction(satjob)? Are men or women more likely to say that there is a place nearby where they are afraid to walk at night? Which gender is more supportive of
PS A random sample of 748 voters in a large city was asked how they voted in the presidential election of 2012. Calculate chi square and the column percentages for each table below and write a brief report describing the significance of the relationships as well as the patterns you observe.a.
SOC A researcher is concerned with the relationship between attitudes toward violence and violent behavior. Do attitudes “cause” behavior? Do people who have positive attitudes toward violence have higher rates of violent behavior? A pretest was conducted on 70 respondents; among other things,
SOC Does support for the legalization of marijuana vary by region of the country? The table displays the relationship between the two variables for a random sample of 1020 adult citizens. Is the relationship significant? Describe the pattern of the relationship, using column percentages. Which
SOC An urban planning commissioner has created a database describing a sample of the neighborhoods in her city and has developed a scale by which each area can be rated for the “quality of life” (this includes measures of pollution, noise, open space, services available, and so on).She has also
SOC At a large urban college, about half of the students live off campus in various arrangements, and the other half live on campus. Is academic performance dependent on living arrangements? Write a sentence or two explaining your findings, including the results of the chi square test and pattern
PS Is there a relationship between college class standing and political orientation? Are juniors and seniors significantly different from freshmen and sophomores on this variable? The following table reports the relationship between these two variables for a random sample of 267 college students.
SOC Is there a statistically significant relationship between length of marriage and satisfaction with marriage? The necessary information has been collected from a random sample of 100 respondents drawn from a local community. Write a sentence or two explaining your findings, including the results
SOC A program of pet therapy has been running at a local nursing home. Are the participants in the program significantly more alert and responsive than nonparticipants? (Remember to compute column percentages to identify the pattern of the relationship.)Participation?alertness yes No totals Low 11
SOC The state Department of Education has rated a sample of local school systems for compliance with state-mandated guidelines for quality.a. Is there a statistically significant relationship between the quality of a school system and the affluence of the community as measured by per capita
CJ A local judge has been allowing some individuals convicted of “driving under the influence” to work in a hospital emergency room as an alternative to fines, suspensions, and other penalties. A random sample of offenders has been drawn. Do participants in this program have lower rates of
PA Is there a relationship between salary levels and unionization for public employees? The following data represent this relationship for fire departments in a random sample of 100 cities of roughly the same size. Salary data have been dichotomized at the median. Explain your results in a sentence
SOC A sample of 25 cities have been classified as high or low on their homicide rates and on the number of handguns sold within the city limits.a. Is there a relationship between these variables? Do cities with higher homicide rates have significantly higher handgun sales? Explain your results in a
SW A local politician is concerned that a program for the homeless in her city is discriminating against blacks and other minorities. The following data were taken from a random sample of black and white homeless people.Received Services?Race Black White Totals yes 6 7 13 No 4 9 13 totals 10 16 26
The following four 2 3 2 tables, presented without labels or titles, provide simplified opportunities to practice your computational skills. Calculate chi square for each.HINTS:● Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell with Formula 10.2. Double-check to make sure you are using the
SOC Repeat the test in Problem 9.11 with some new dependent variables: spanking and tvhours. Are there significant differences between the religions in their support of spanking as a way of disciplining children or in their television-watching habits? Repeat all the steps listed in Problem 9.11 but
SOC In this exercise, you will follow up on Problems 8.17 and 8.18, in which you compared several pairs of religious affiliations (Protestants and Catholics, Protestants and “Nones”) for significant differences in level of education (educ) and self-rated social position (rank). We will now use
SOC A researcher is studying the effects of the college experience on attitudes, values, and behaviors and is comparing small random samples from each class at the same university. Which of the following differences are significant?a. Number of “close friends” from another racial or ethnic
SOC Does support for suicide (“death with dignity”)vary by social class? Is this relationship different in different nations? Small samples in three nations were asked whether it is ever justified for a person with an incurable disease to take his or her own life. Respondents answered in terms
SOC A small random sample of respondents has been selected from the General Social Survey database. Each respondent has been classified as either an urban dweller, a suburbanite, or a rural dweller. Are there statistically significant differences by place of residence for any of the variables
GER Do older citizens lose interest in politics and current affairs? A brief quiz on recent headline stories was administered to random samples of respondents from each of four age groups. Is there a significant difference? The following data represent numbers of correct responses.
PS Does the rate of voter turnout vary significantly by the type of election? A random sample of voting precincts displays the following pattern of voter turnout by election type. Assess the results for significance.
SOC Are sexually active teenagers any better informed about AIDS and other potential health problems related to sex than teenagers who are sexually inactive? A 15-item test of general knowledge about sex and health was administered to random samples of teens who are sexually inactive, teens who are
CJ Two separate after-school programs for atrisk teenagers have been implemented in the city of Redland. One is a big-brother/big-sister mentoring program, in which adult volunteers are paired with troubled teenagers. The second involves extracurricular team sports competitions. In terms of the
SOC In a local community, a random sample of 18 couples has been assessed on a scale that measures the extent to which power and decision making are shared (lower scores) or monopolized by one party(higher scores) and on marital happiness (higher scores indicate higher levels of happiness). The
SOC A local church has been experiencing steady growth in membership and wants to launch a membership drive. Before they begin, they would like to find out what types of people are most likely to attend services each week. A random sample of 15 existing members has been asked how many times they
Conduct an ANOVA test for each of the following sets of scores. (HINT: Follow the computational routine outlined in the “One Step at a Time” box, and keep track of all sums and means by constructing computational tables like Table 9.3 or Table 9.4.)
SOC Repeat the test you conducted in Problem 8.17 but, this time, compare Protestants with people with no religious affiliation (“Nones”). Repeat all the steps in the previous problem but, at the Define Groups command, change the second group from“2” (Catholics) to “4” (Nones). Finish
SOC In this exercise, you will use SPSS and the 2012 General Social Survey (GSS) to compare Protestants and Catholics for significant differences in their average social class standing, using level of education (educ) and self-rated social position (rank) as measures of social class.You will use
SOC A researcher is studying the effects of the college experience on attitudes, values, and behaviors and is comparing random samples of freshmen and seniors at the same university. Which of the following differences are significant?
SOC Some results from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample are reported here in terms of differences by gender. Which of these differences, if any, are significant? Write a sentence or two of interpretation for each test.a. Proportion favoring the legalization of marijuana:b.
CJ The mayor of a large city started a “crimeline”program some years ago and wonders whether it is working. The program publicizes unsolved violent crimes in the local media and offers cash rewards for information leading to arrests. Are “featured” crimes more likely to be cleared by arrest
SOC At St. Algebra College, the sociology and psychology departments have been feuding for years about the respective quality of their programs. In an attempt to resolve the dispute, you have gathered data about the graduate school experience of random samples of both groups of majors. As measured
SW A large counseling center needs to evaluate several experimental programs. Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests. Did the new programs work?a. One program is designed for divorce counseling;the key feature of the program is its counselors, who are married couples working in
CJ About half of the police officers in Shinbone, Kansas, have completed a special course in investigative procedures. Has the course increased their efficiency in clearing crimes by arrest? The proportions of cases cleared by arrest for samples of trained and untrained officers are reported here.
For each problem, test the sample proportions for the significance of the difference.
SOC A survey has been administered to random samples of respondents in each of five nations.Respondents were asked: “How satisfied are you with your life as a whole?” Responses varied from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 10 (very satisfied). Conduct a test for the significance of the difference in
SW As the director of the local Boys Club, you have claimed for years that membership in your club reduces juvenile delinquency. Now a cynical member of your funding agency has demanded proof of your claim. Random samples of members and nonmembers are gathered and interviewed with respect to their
GER Are senior citizens who live in retirement communities more socially active than those who live in age-integrated communities? Write a sentence or two explaining the results of these tests. (HINT:Remember to use the proper formulas for small sample sizes.)a. A random sample of senior citizens
SOC Are college students who live in dormitories significantly more involved in campus life than students who commute to campus? The following data report the average number of hours per week students devote to extracurricular activities. Is the difference between these randomly selected samples of
SOC Are middle-class families more likely than working-class families to maintain contact with kin?Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests.a. A sample of middle-class families reported an average of 7.3 visits per year with close kin, while a sample of working-class families
PA A number of years ago, the road and highway maintenance department of Sin City, Nevada, began recruiting minority group members through an affirmative action program. In terms of efficiency ratings, as compiled by their superiors, how do the affirmative action employees rate? The ratings of
SOC Do athletes in different sports vary in terms of their readiness for college? Reported here are college entrance exam scores of fictitious random samples of college basketball and football players and male and female athletes. Is there a significant difference between groups? Write a sentence
SOC Two sociologists administered questionnaires to samples of undergraduates that measured attitudes toward interpersonal violence (higher scores indicate greater approval of interpersonal violence). Test the results as reported here for gender, racial, and social-class differences.Summarize your
For each of the following, test for the significance of the difference in sample statistics using the fivestep model. (HINT: Remember to solve Formula 8.4 before attempting to solve Formula 8.2. Also, in Formula 8.4, perform the mathematical operations in the proper sequence. First square each
SOC A researcher is studying changes in the student body at her university and has selected a random sample of 163 from the freshman class. The table below compares their characteristics to the student body as a whole. Which differences are significant?
SW The following essay questions review the basic principles and concepts of inferential statistics. The order of the questions roughly follows the five-step model.a. Hypothesis testing or significance testing can be conducted only with a random sample. Why?b. Under what specific conditions can it
PA The city manager has received a complaint from the local union of firefighters to the effect that they are underpaid. Not having much time, the city manager gathers the records of a random sample of 27 firefighters and finds that their average salary is $38,073, with a standard deviation of
SW You are the head of an agency seeking funding for a program to reduce unemployment among teenage males. Nationally, the unemployment rate for this group is 18%. A random sample of 323 teenage males in your area reveals an unemployment rate of 21.7%.Is the difference significant? Can you
SOC/SW A researcher has compiled a file of information on a random sample of 317 families that have chronic, long-term patterns of child abuse.Reported here are some of the characteristics of the sample, along with values for the city as a whole.For each trait, test the null hypothesis of “no
SOC/CJ Statewide, the police clear by arrest 35%of the robberies and 42% of the aggravated assaults reported to them. A researcher takes a random sample of all the robberies (N 5 207) and aggravated assaults (N 5 178) reported to a metropolitan police department in one year and finds that 83 of the
PS In a recent statewide election, 55% of the voters rejected a proposal to institute a state lottery. In a random sample of 150 urban precincts, 49% of the voters rejected the proposal. Is the difference significant? Summarize your conclusions in a sentence or two.
SOC/CJ A random sample of 113 felons convicted of nonviolent crimes in a state prison system completed a program designed to improve their employment possibilities before being released on parole. Fifty-eight eventually became repeat offenders. Is this recidivism rate significantly different from
SOC/CJ A survey shows that 10% of the population is victimized by property crime each year. A random sample of 527 older citizens (65 years or more of age) shows a victimization rate of 14%. Are older people more likely to be victimized? Conduct both one- and two-tailed tests of significance.
SOC Nationally, the per capita monthly fuel oil bill is $110. A random sample of 36 cities in the Southeast average $78, with a standard deviation of $4. Is the difference significant? Summarize your conclusions in a sentence or two.
SOC A random sample of 26 local sociology graduates scored an average of 458 on the GRE advanced sociology test, with a standard deviation of 20. Is this significantly different from the national average (m 5 440)?
SOC A school system has assigned several hundred“chronic and severe underachievers” to an alternative educational experience. To assess the program, a random sample of 35 has been selected for comparison with all students in the system.a. In terms of GPA, did the program work?b. In terms of
a. SOC Statewide, the population as a whole watches 6.2 hours of TV per day. A random sample of 1017 senior citizens in the state reports watching an average of 5.9 hours per day, with a standard deviation of 0.7. Is the difference significant?b. The same sample of senior citizens reports that they
SOC A sample of 105 sanitation workers for the city of Euonymus, Texas, earns an average of $24,375 per year. The average salary for all Euonymus city workers is $24,230, with a standard deviation of $523. Are the sanitation workers overpaid? Conduct both oneand two-tailed tests.
SOC A random sample of 423 Asian Americans drawn from the population of a particular state has finished an average of 12.7 years of formal education, with a standard deviation of 1.7. Is this significantly different from the statewide average of 12.2 years?
SOC Statewide, the average score on the verbal portion of the college entrance exam is 453, with a standard deviation of 95. A random sample of 137 seniors at Littlewood Regional High School shows a mean score of 502. Is there a significant difference?
a. SW Statewide, social workers average 10.2 years of experience. In a random sample, 203 social workers in greater metropolitan Shinbone average only 8.7 years, with a standard deviation of 0.52.Are social workers in Shinbone significantly less experienced? (NOTE: The wording of the research
a. SOC The students at Littlewood Regional High School cut an average of 3.3 classes per month. A random sample of 117 seniors averages 3.8 cuts per month, with a standard deviation of 0.53. Are seniors significantly different from the student body as a whole? (HINT: The wording of the research
This exercise will give you a tangible understanding of sampling distributions and the two theorems presented in this chapter. For this demonstration only, the 2012 GSS database will be treated as a population and its characteristics will be treated as parameters.We will use SPSS to draw ten random
In this exercise, you will use SPSS to generate sample statistics from the 2012 General Social Survey(GSS2012). You will then construct confidence intervals to estimate population values or parameters.● Click the SPSS icon on your desktop.● Load the GSS2012 database.● Use the Descriptives
SOC You are the automotive specialist for the monthly magazine Consumer Beware. Part of your job is to investigate the claims made by automakers in their TV commercials. You are particularly suspicious of a new economy car that the automaker claims will get 78 miles per gallon. After checking the
SOC The fraternities and sororities at St. Algebra College have been plagued by declining membership over the past several years and want to know whether the incoming freshman class will be a fertile recruiting ground. Not having enough money to survey all 1600 freshmen, they commission you to
SOC The World Values Survey is administered periodically to random samples from societies around the globe. Listed here are the percentage of respondents in each nation who said that they are “very happy.” Construct confidence interval estimates for each nation at the 95% level.
PS Two individuals are running for mayor of your town. You conduct an election survey a week before the election and find that 51% of the respondents prefer candidate A. Can you predict a winner? Use the 99% level. (HINT: In a two-candidate race, what percentage of the vote would the winner need?
For each of the following three sample sizes, construct the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion. Use a sample proportion of 0.40 throughout. What happens to interval width as sample size increases? Why?Ps 5 0.40 Sample A: N 5 100 Sample B: N 5 1000 Sample C: N 5 10,000
For the following sample data, construct five different interval estimates of the population mean, one each for the 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, and 99.99%levels. What happens to the interval width as confidence level increases? Why?X 5 100 s 5 10 N 5 500
SW A random sample of 100 patients treated in a program for alcoholism and drug dependency over the past 10 years was selected. It was determined that 53 of the patients had been readmitted to the program at least once. At the 95% level, construct an estimate of the population proportion.
A random sample of 1496 respondents of a major metropolitan area was questioned about a number of issues. Construct estimates to the population at the 95% level for each of the results reported next.Express the final confidence interval in percentages(e.g., “between 40% and 45% agreed that
PA A random sample of 260 workers in a high-rise office building revealed that 30% were very satisfied with the quality of elevator service. At the 99%level, what is your estimate of the population value?
SOC The survey mentioned in problem 6.5 found that 25 of the 178 households consisted of unmarried couples who were living together. What is your estimate of the population proportion? Use the 95% level.
PA A random sample of 100 inmates at a maximum security prison shows that exactly 10 of the respondents had been the victims of violent crime during their incarceration. Estimate the proportion of victims for the population as a whole, using the 90%confidence level. (HINT: Calculate the sample
SOC A random sample of 429 college students was interviewed about a number of matters. Use the results to construct confidence interval estimates of the population mean at the 99% level.a. They reported that they had spent an average of $478.23 on textbooks during the previous semester, with a
SOC A random sample of 100 cable TV movies contained an average of 3.38 acts of physical violence per program with a standard deviation of 0.30. At the 99%level, what is your estimate of the population value?
SOC A researcher has gathered information from a random sample of 178 households. For each of the following variables, construct confidence intervals to estimate the population mean. Use the 90% level.a. An average of 2.3 people resides in each household. Standard deviation is 0.35.b. There was an
SW You have developed a series of questions to measure job satisfaction of bus drivers in New York City. A random sample of 100 drivers has an average score of 10.6, with a standard deviation of 2.8. What is your estimate of the average job satisfaction score for the population of all NYC bus
A large university administers entrance exams to all entering students. The test is administered again as an exit exam for all graduates. The test results for one group of students are given in the table.Freshman year Senior year X 5 53 X 5 92 s 5 7 s 5 4a. The scores for five students on both
After taking the state merit examinations for the position of school counselor and social worker, you receive the following information on the tests and on your performance. On which test did you do better?
To be accepted into an honor society, a student must have a grade-point average (GPA) in the top 10% of the school. If the mean GPA at the school is 2.78 and the standard deviation is 0.33, which of the following GPAs would qualify?3.20, 3.21, 3.25, 3.30, 3.35
CJ The local police force gives all applicants an entrance exam and accepts only those applicants who score in the top 15% on this test. If the mean score this year is 87 and the standard deviation is 8, would an individual with a score of 110 be accepted?
SOC The average number of dropouts for a school district has been 305 per year with a standard deviation of 50. What is the probability that the number of dropouts next year will bea. less than 250?b. less than 300?c. more than 350?d. more than 400?e. between 250 and 350?f. between 300 and 350?g.
For a math test on which the mean score was 59 and the standard deviation was 4, what is the probability that a student randomly selected from this class will have a scorea. between 55 and 65?b. between 60 and 65?c. above 65?d. between 60 and 50?e. between 55 and 50?f. below 55?
SOC On the scale mentioned in problem 5.7, if a score of 40 or more is considered “highly prejudiced,” what is the probability that a person selected at random will have a score in that range?
SOC A scale measuring prejudice has been administered to a large sample of respondents. The distribution of scores is approximately normal, with a mean of 31 and a standard deviation of 5. What percentage of the sample had scoresa. below 20?b. below 40?c. between 30 and 40?d. between 35 and 45?e.
The senior class has been given a comprehensive examination to assess educational experience. The mean score on the test was 74 and the standard deviation was 10. What percentage of the students had scoresa. between 75 and 85?b. between 80 and 85?c. above 80?d. above 83?e. between 80 and 70?f.
Assume that the distribution of scores on a college entrance exam is normal, with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. For each of the following scores, find the equivalent Z score, the percentage of the area above the score, and the percentage of the area below the score.
In this exercise, you will once again use the States data set, this time to analyze changes in the level of poverty between 2000 and 2009. We will use the Descriptives command to generate output.● Find and click the SPSS icon on your desktop.● Load the States data set.● From the menu bar
In this exercise, you will use SPSS to get measures of central tendency and dispersion for the rate of traffic fatalities in two different years (1990 and 2009) from the States data set. As an option, you can also get boxplots for these variables.● Find and click the SPSS icon on your desktop.●
Compute the standard deviation for both sets of data presented in problem 3.13 and reproduced here. Compare the standard deviation computed for freshmen with the standard deviation computed for seniors.What happened? Why? Does this change relate to what happened to the mean over the four-year
You are the governor of the state and must decide which of four metropolitan police departments will win an award for efficiency. The performance of each department is summarized in monthly arrest statistics below (number of arrests per 100,000 population per month for the past five years). Which
SW One of your goals as the new chief administrator of a large social service bureau is to equalize workloads within the various divisions of the agency. You have gathered data on caseloads per worker within each division. Which division comes closest to the ideal of an equalized workload? Which is
SOC Listed here are the rates of abortion per 100,000 women for 20 states in 1973 and 1975. Compute the median, mean, standard deviation, range, and interquartile range for both years. Describe what happened to these distributions over the two-year period. Did the average rate increase or

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