Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Statistics

Do you remember the earlier study by Katz et al. that had students answer SAT{type questions without first reading the passage? Suppose that we gave out the answer sheets for our Psychology 1 exam
Under what conditions would the answers to (b) and (c) of Exercise 6.7 be equal?Exercise 6.7A set of reading scores for fourth{grade children has a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 5. A set of
Use the R code given on the Web page for this chapter to plot the data on mental rotation that we have seen in Chapter 3.
You can use SPSS to create normally distributed variables (as well as variables having a number of other shapes). Start SPSS, and under Data/Go To Case, tell it to go to case 1000 and then enter any
You can generate normally distributed variables in R by using the function X
Use any Internet search engine to find a program, or “app,” that will calculate areas under the normal distribution. (Don’t use the ones referred to in this chapter.)
Name three types of definitions of probability.
What does it mean to “sample with replacement?”
Why would we sample with replacement?
What is the multiplicative rule?
What is the additive rule?
Give an example of a conditional probability.
How do we signify conditional probabilities?
What is a risk ratio, also known as “relative risk”?
What is the difference between odds and risks?
What do we mean by density?
Make up a simple example of a situation in which you are interested in joint probabilities.
Give an example of a common continuous distribution for which we have some real interest inthe probability that an observation will fall within some specified interval.
Give an example of a continuous variable that we routinely treat as if it were discrete.
Give two examples of discrete variables.
With respect to Exercise 7.15, determine the conditional probability that the person will beadmitted, given the following:a) That he or she has the highest ratingb) That he or she has the lowest
How might you use conditional probabilities to determine if an ADDSC cutoff score inAppendix D of 66 is predictive of whether or not a person will drop out of school?Appendix D ADDSC GENDER REPEAT IQ
Compare the conditional probability from Exercise 7.20 with the unconditional probability ofdropping out of school.Exercise 7.20How might you use conditional probabilities to determine if an ADDSC
A paper by Fell (1995) has many interesting statistics on the relationship between alcohol,drugs, and automobile accidents in the United States. The paper is available
In 2000 the U.S. Department of Justice released a study of the death penalty from 1995 to2000, a period during which U.S. Attorneys were required to submit to the Justice Departmentfor review and
Using the data from Exercise 7.25, compute the risk and odds ratios of punishment as afunctionof race.Exercise 7.25In 2000 the U.S. Department of Justice released a study of the death penalty from
Using the R code available on the Web page for this chapter, compare the birthrates by agefor data from 2002 and 2012. I would expect that we would see more babies born to olderwomen in 2012 because
What is the standard error of the mean?
What do we mean by hypothesis testing?
What is a research hypothesis?
What is the null hypothesis?
Why do we test the null hypothesis instead of the alternative hypothesis?
What is another term for the “rejection level”?
What is a critical value?
We often reject the null hypothesis if the conditional probability of the data given that the null hypothesis is true is less than. 05. What symbol do we often use to represent .05?
If we will reject the null hypothesis only if the difference between groups is too large(positive), we are using a _____ tailed test.
What would be a Type I error in Exercise 8.2?Exercise 8.2For the past year I have spent about $4 a day for lunch, give or take a quarter or so.a) Draw a rough sketch of this distribution of daily
What would be a Type II error in Exercise 8.2?Exercise 8.2For the past year I have spent about $4 a day for lunch, give or take a quarter or so.a) Draw a rough sketch of this distribution of daily
Using the example in Exercise 8.2, describe what we mean by the rejection region and the critical value.Exercise 8.2For the past year I have spent about $4 a day for lunch, give or take a quarter or
Why might I want to adopt a one-tailed test in Exercise 8.2, and which tail should I choose?What would happen if I choose the wrong tail?Exercise 8.2For the past year I have spent about $4 a day for
Using the R code given for Figure 8.1, reproduce Figure 8.2 as closely as possible. Figure 8.1 Distribution of sample means of over-estimation of heights drawn from a population with u = 0.66, =
What would happen in Exercise 8.7 if we doubled the size of the standard deviation?a) What happens if you change each sample’s size from 10 to 100?Exercise 8.7Using the R code given for Figure 8.1,
How would decreasing a affect the probabilities given in Table 8.1? Table 8.1 Possible Outcomes of the Decision-Making Process Decision Reject Ho H True Type I error p = a Fail to Reject Ho Correct
In a scatterplot, which variable is plotted on the abscissa (X axis)?
What does Y^ represent?
The regression line should be interpreted as
A correlation of 2.81 is significantly lower than a correlation of +.81. (T or F)
Creating scatterplots with the points representing means rather than individual observations is very likely to give you a plot where the line _____.
The covariance, by itself, is not a satisfactory statistic for presenting the degree of relationship between variables because _____.
Spearman’s correlation coefficient is simply _____ applied to ranks.
List three things that can affect the relationship between two variables.
Give three explanations why A might be related to B even though the relationship is not causal.
We would use a two-tailed test of r if _____.
A point biserial correlation applies to data where _____.
What are important ways that the field of statistics has changed over time?
Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions about a whole population (T or F).
Our ability to draw meaningful conclusions based on a sample statistic depends, in part, on the _____ of our sample.
In the ideal situation our sample should be a _____ sample from some population.
A random sample is one in which ____.
When we are engaged in drawing conclusions about a population we are using inferential statistics. (T or F)
List three things that partly determine the specific analysis that we will use to analyze a data set.
A scheme for distinguishing and choosing among statistical procedures is called a
Give an example in everyday life wherein context affects behavior.
In this hypothetical study what would the population of interest be?suppose that we design a study that involves following heroin addicts around and noting the context within which they inject
In this study how would we define our sample?suppose that we design a study that involves following heroin addicts around and noting the context within which they inject themselves and the kind of
For the heroin study identify a parameter and a statistic in which we might be interested.suppose that we design a study that involves following heroin addicts around and noting the context within
Suggest some ways in which we could draw an approximately random sample from people in a small city. (The Census Bureau has to do this kind of thing frequently.)
To gain a better understanding of the role of “context” in the morphine study, what would you expect to happen if you put decaf in your mother’s early-morning cup of coffee?
Give three examples of categorical data.
Give three examples of measurement data.
The Mars Candy Company actually keeps track of the number of red, blue, yellow, etc. M&MsTM there are in each batch. (These make wonderful examples for discussions of sampling.)a) This is an example
Give two examples of studies in which our primary interest is in looking at relationships between variables.
Connect to https://www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/fundamentals9/index.html What kinds of material can you find there that you want to remember to come back to later as you work through the book?
Connect to any search engine on the Internet and search for the word “statistics.”a) How would you characterize the different types of sites that you find there?b) You should find at least one
An interesting Web source contains a collection of Web pages known as “SurfStat” created by Keith Dear when he was at the University of Newcastle in Australia. The address is
Name the four common scales of measurement.
Why was Stevens more concerned about scales of measurement than we are?
What is the difference between an interval and a ratio scale?
The most important characteristics behind using different scales is to keep in mind the numbers themselves. (T or F)
What is the practical distinction between discrete and continuous variables?
What is the independent variable?
To oversimplify, random selection is useful to _______ while random assignment is useful to _____.
When we refer to Xi we are referring to ____.
What is the general rule about what to do with parentheses in an equation?
The notation “∑” refers to _____.
At the beginning of the chapter I gave three examples of different meanings for the number 18 in terms of the underlying scale of measurement. Give an example where the number 18 would be on an
If you have access to SPSS, go to the website for this book https://www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/fundamentals9/select the link for the short SPSS manual, and read the brief introduction. Download the
Write a sentence describing the morphine tolerance experiment in terms of an independent variable and a dependent variable.
What are the independent variables in the study just described?relate to a study conducted by Pliner and Chaiken (1990). In their study about the social desirability of behavior, they examined the
What is the dependent variable in that study?relate to a study conducted by Pliner and Chaiken (1990). In their study about the social desirability of behavior, they examined the amount of food eaten
Experiments like this are usually done with some hypothesis in mind. What would you expect was the experimenter’s hypothesis?relate to a study conducted by Pliner and Chaiken (1990). In their study
Describe the chain of assumptions underlying the measurement issues in this study.relate to a study conducted by Pliner and Chaiken (1990). In their study about the social desirability of behavior,
We saw that we often treat a discrete variable as if it were continuous. Under what conditions would we be likely to do so?
First write down any six sequences of heads and tails that you might expect to occur on five coin flips (e.g., HTHHT). Then take an actual coin and create another six sequences by flipping the coin
Kaufman and Rock (1962)tested an earlier hypothesis about reasons for the moon illusion by comparing how observers performed when they were able to look at the moon with their eyes level, and again
With reference to Exercise 2.15, the data for the Eyes Elevated condition areExercise 2.15Kaufman and Rock (1962)tested an earlier hypothesis about reasons for the moon illusion by comparing how
Using the data from Exercise 2.15,Exercise 2.15Kaufman and Rock (1962)tested an earlier hypothesis about reasons for the moon illusion by comparing how observers performed when they were able to look
Using the data from Exercise 2.16,(c) Calculate the square root of the answer to (b).Exercise 2.16With reference to Exercise 2.15, the data for the Eyes Elevated condition areExercise 2.15Kaufman and
The data from Exercises 2.15 and 2.16 come from the same 10 (N) observers. In other words, the same person had a score of 1.65 in the Eyes Level condition and 1.73 in the Eyes Elevated condition.
Use the previous data to show thatPrevious DataThe data from Exercises 2.15 and 2.16 come from the same 10 (N) observers. In other words, the same person had a score of 1.65 in the Eyes Level

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