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inferential statistics
Even You Can Learn Statistics A Guide For Everyone Who Has Ever Been Afraid Of Statistics 2nd Edition David M. Levine, David F. Stephan - Solutions
Studying the importance of each process variable on the Critical-ToQuality (CTQ) characteristic using designed experiments involves the Measure part of the DMAIC process.
Developing operational definitions for each critical-to-quality characteristic involves the Define part of the DMAIC process.
The R chart is a control chart used to monitor a process mean.
One of the morals of the red bead experiment is that variation is part of any process.
It is not possible for the chart to be out of control when the R chart is in control.
The p chart is a control chart used for monitoring the proportion of items that have a certain characteristic.
Changes in the system to reduce common cause variation are the responsibility of management.
Common causes of variation are correctable without modifying the system.
Common causes of variation represent variation due to the inherent variability in the system.
Special causes of variation are signaled by individual fluctuations or patterns in the data.
The purpose of a control chart is to eliminate common cause variation.
The control limits are based on the standard deviation of the process.
______ causes of variation are correctable without modifying the system.
The cause of variation that can be reduced only by changing the system is ______ cause variation.
One of the morals of the red bead experiment is:(a) variation is part of the process(b) only management can change the system(c) it is the system that primarily determines performance(d) All of the above
A process is said to be out of control if:(a) a point falls above the upper control limits or below the lower control limits(b) eight or more consecutive points are above the center line(c) Either (a) or (b)(d) Neither (a) or (b)
Which of the following situations suggests a process that appears to be operating out of statistical control?(a) A control chart with a series of eight consecutive points that are above the center line(b) A control chart in which points fall outside the lower control limit(c) A control chart in
Which of the following situations suggests a process that appears to be operating in a state of statistical control?(a) A control chart with a series of consecutive points that are above the center line and a series of consecutive points that are below the center line(b) A control chart in which no
After the control limits are set for a control chart, you attempt to:(a) discern patterns that might exist in values over time(b) determine whether any points fall outside the control limits(c) Both of the above(d) None of the above
The principal focus of the control chart is the attempt to separate special or assignable causes of variation from common causes of variation.What cause of variation can be reduced only by changing the system?(a) Special or assignable causes(b) Common causes(c) Total causes(d) None of the above
Which of the following is not one of Deming’s 14 points?(a) Believe in mass inspection(b) Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product or service(c) Adopt and institute leadership(d) Drive out fear
Variation due to the inherent variability in a system of operation is called:(a) special causes of variation(b) common causes of variation(c) Six Sigma(d) the red bead experiment
Variation signaled by individual fluctuations or patterns in the data is called:(a) special causes of variation(b) common causes of variation(c) Six Sigma (d) the red bead experiment
The control chart:(a) focuses on the time dimension of a system(b) captures the natural variability in the system(c) can be used for categorical or numerical variables(d) All of the above
A consumer organization wants to develop a regression model to predict gasoline mileage (as measured by miles per gallon) based on the horsepower of the car’s engine and the weight of the car (in pounds). A sample of 50 recent car models was selected (see the Auto file).(a) State the multiple
Professional basketball has truly become a sport that generates interest among fans around the world. More and more players come from outside the United States to play in the National Basketball Association(NBA). You want to develop a regression model to predict the number of wins achieved by each
Measuring the height of a California redwood tree is a very difficult undertaking because these trees grow to heights of more than 300 feet.People familiar with these trees understand that the height of a California redwood tree is related to other characteristics of the tree, including the
The appraised value (in thousands of dollars), land area (in acres), and age of house (in years) was collected for a sample of 30 single-family homes located in Glen Cove, New York (see the following table).Develop a multiple linear regression model to predict appraised value based on land area of
From the coefficient of multiple determination, you cannot detect the strength of the relationship between Y and any individual independent variable.
You have just developed a multiple regression model in which the value of coefficient of multiple determination is 0.35. To determine whether this indicates that the independent variables explain a significant portion of the variation in the dependent variable, you would perform an F-test.
The coefficient of multiple determination is calculated by taking the ratio of the regression sum of squares over the total sum of squares(SSR/SST) and subtracting that value from 1.
The slopes in a multiple regression model are called net regression coefficients.
In a multiple regression model with two independent variables, the coefficient of multiple determination measures the proportion of variation in Y that is explained by X1 and X2.
The interpretation of the Y intercept is different in a multiple linear regression model as compared to a simple linear regression model.
The interpretation of the slope is different in a multiple linear regression model as compared to a simple linear regression model.
In a multiple regression model, the value of the coefficient of multiple determination(a) is between –1 and +1(b) is between 0 and +1(c) is between –1 and 0(d) can be any number
The coefficient of multiple determination(a) measures the variation around the predicted regression equation(b) measures the proportion of variation in Y that is explained by X1 and X2(c) measures the proportion of variation in Y that is explained by X1 holding X2 constant(d) will have the same
In a multiple regression model involving two independent variables, if b1 is +3.0, it means that:(a) The relationship between X1 and Y is significant.(b) The estimated value of Y increases by 3 units for each increase of 1 unit of X1, holding X2 constant.(c) The estimated value of Y increases by 3
Zagat’s publishes restaurant ratings for various locations in the United States. For this analysis, a sample of 50 restaurants located in an urban area (New York City) and 50 restaurants located in a suburb of New York City are selected and the Zagat rating for food, decor, service, and the cost
A baseball analyst would like to study various team statistics for the 2008 baseball season to determine which variables might be useful in predicting the number of wins achieved by teams during the season. He has decided to begin by using a team’s earned run average (ERA), a measure of pitching
Measuring the height of a California redwood tree is a very difficult undertaking because these trees grow to heights of more than 300 feet.People familiar with these trees understand that the height of a California redwood tree is related to other characteristics of the tree, including the
The appraised value (in thousands of dollars) and land area (in acres)was collected for a sample of 30 single-family homes located in Glen Cove, New York (see the following table). Develop a simple linear regression model to predict appraised value based on the land area of the property.(a)
One of the assumptions of regression is that the residuals around the line of regression follow the ____________ distribution.
In simple linear regression, if the slope is positive, then the coefficient of correlation must also be ________.
The ratio of the regression sum of squares (SSR) to the total sum of squares (SST) is called the _______________.
The change in Y per unit change in X is called the __________.
The residual represents the difference between the observed value of Y and the _________ value of Y.
If the p-value for a t test for the slope is 0.021, the results are significant at the 0.01 level of significance.True or False
If the range of the X variable is between 100 and 300, you should not make a prediction for X = 400.True or False
If no apparent pattern exists in the residual plot, the regression model fit is appropriate for the data.True or False
When the coefficient of correlation r = –1, a perfect relationship exists between X and Y.True or False
The value of r is always positive.True or False
Regression analysis is used for prediction, while correlation analysis is used to measure the strength of the association between two numerical variables.True or False
The coefficient of determination represents the ratio of SSR to SST.True or False
The regression sum of squares (SSR) can never be greater than the total sum of squares (SST).True or False
In a simple linear regression model, the coefficient of correlation and the slope:(a) may have opposite signs(b) must have the same sign(c) must have opposite signs(d) are equal
The strength of the linear relationship between two numerical variables is measured by the:(a) predicted value of Y(b) coefficient of determination(c) total sum of squares(d) Y intercept
Assuming a straight line (linear) relationship between X and Y, if the coefficient of correlation (r) equals –0.30:(a) there is no correlation(b) the slope is negative(c) variable X is larger than variable Y(d) the variance of X is negative
If the coefficient of correlation (r) = –1.00, then:(a) All the data points must fall exactly on a straight line with a slope that equals 1.00.(b) All the data points must fall exactly on a straight line with a negative slope.(c) All the data points must fall exactly on a straight line with a
If the coefficient of determination (r2) = 1.00, then:(a) the Y intercept must equal 0(b) the regression sum of squares (SSR) equals the error sum of squares (SSE)(c) the error sum of squares (SSE) equals 0(d) the regression sum of squares (SSR) equals 0
The residuals represent:(a) the difference between the actual Y values and the mean of Y(b) the difference between the actual Y values and the predicted Y values(c) the square root of the slope(d) the predicted value of Y when X = 0
Which of the following assumptions concerning the distribution of the variation around the line of regression (the residuals) is correct?(a) The distribution is normal.(b) All of the variations are positive.(c) The variation increases as X increases.(d) Each residual is dependent on the previous
In performing a regression analysis involving two numerical variables, you assume:(a) the variances of X and Y are equal(b) the variation around the line of regression is the same for each X value(c) that X and Y are independent(d) All of the above
The coefficient of determination (r2) tells you:(a) that the coefficient of correlation (r) is larger than 1(b) whether the slope has any significance(c) whether the regression sum of squares is greater than the total sum of squares(d) the proportion of total variation that is explained
The standard error of the estimate is a measure of:(a) total variation of the Y variable(b) the variation around the regression line(c) explained variation(d) the variation of the X variable
The slope (b1) represents:(a) predicted value of Y when X = 0(b) change in Y per unit change in X(c) predicted value of Y(d) variation around the regression line
The Y intercept (b0) represents the:(a) predicted value of Y when X = 0(b) change in Y per unit change in X(c) predicted value of Y(d) variation around the regression line
A sporting goods manufacturing company wanted to compare the distance traveled by golf balls produced using each of four different designs. Ten balls were manufactured with each design and each ball was tested at a testing facility using a robot to hit the balls. The results(distance traveled in
Integrated circuits are manufactured on silicon wafers through a process that involves a series of steps. An experiment was carried out to study the effect on the yield of using three methods in the cleansing step. The results (coded to maintain confidentiality) are as follows:At the 0.05 level of
You want to determine, with a level of significance F = 0.05, whether differences exist among the four plants that fill boxes of a particular brand of cereal. You select samples of 20 cereal boxes from each of the four plants. The weights of these cereal boxes (in grams) are as follows.What
You seek to determine, with a level of significance of F = 0.05, whether there was a relationship between numbers selected for the Vietnam War era military draft lottery system and the time of the year a man was born. The following shows how many low (1–122), medium(123–244), and high
The health-care industry and consumer advocacy groups are at odds over the sharing of a patient’s medical records without the patient’s consent. The health-care industry believes that no consent should be necessary to openly share data among doctors, hospitals, pharmacies, and insurance
Do people of different age groups differ in their response to email messages? A survey by the Center for the Digital Future of the University of Southern California reported that 70.7% of users over 70 years of age believe that email messages should be answered quickly as compared to 53.6% of users
Technology has led to the rise of extreme workers who are on the job 60 hours or more per week. One of the reasons cited by employees as to why they worked long hours was that they loved their job because it is stimulating/challenging/provides an adrenaline rush (extracted from S. Armour, “Hi,
If you use the chi-square method of analysis to test for independence in a contingency table with more than two rows and more than two columns, you must assume that there is at least one theoretical frequency in each cell of the contingency table?True or False:
If you use the chi-square method of analysis to test for the difference between two proportions, you must assume that there are at least five observed frequencies in each cell of the contingency table.True or False:
In a one-factor ANOVA, the Among sum of squares and Within sum of squares must add up to the total sum of squares.True or False:
The Mean Squares in an ANOVA can never be negative.True or False:
The one-way analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) tests hypotheses about the difference between population variances.True or False:
The one-way analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) tests hypotheses about the difference between population means.True or False:
The analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) tests hypotheses about the difference between population proportions.True or False:
A test for the difference between two proportions can be performed using the chi-square distribution.True or False
An agronomist is studying three different varieties of tomato to determine whether a difference exists in the proportion of seeds that germinate. Random samples of 100 seeds of each of three varieties are subjected to the same starting conditions. How should the data be analyzed?(a) Chi-square test
In testing a hypothesis using the chi-square test, the theoretical frequencies are based on the:(a) null hypothesis(b) alternative hypothesis(c) normal distribution(d) t distribution
When testing for independence in a contingency table with three rows and four columns, there are ________ degrees of freedom.(a) 5(b) 6(c) 7(d) 12
Referring to the preceding table, at the 0.05 level of significance, you:(a) do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that no difference exists in the mean drive-up time between the fast-food chains(b) do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that a difference exists in the mean
Referring to the preceding table, the within groups mean squares is:(a) 12,407(b) 95(c) 130.6(d) 4
Referring to the preceding table, the within groups sum of squares is:(a) 12,407(b) 95(c) 130.6(d) 4
Referring to the preceding table, the Among Groups degrees of freedom is:(a) 3(b) 4(c) 12(d) 16
A car rental company wants to select a computer software package for its reservation system. Three software packages (A, B, and C) are commercially available. The car rental company will choose the package that has the lowest mean number of renters for whom a car is not available at the time of
In a one-way ANOVA, the null hypothesis is always:(a) all the population means are different(b) some of the population means are different(c) some of the population means are the same(d) all of the population means are the same
The F test statistic in a one-way ANOVA is:(a) MSW/MSA(b) SSW/SSA(c) MSA/MSW(d) SSA/SSW
In a one-way ANOVA, if the p-value is greater than the level of significance, you:(a) reject H0 because there is evidence all the means differ(b) reject H0 because there is evidence at least one of the means differs from the others.(c) do not reject H0 because there is no evidence of a difference
In a one-way ANOVA, if the F test statistic is greater than the critical F value, you:(a) reject H0 because there is evidence all the means differ(b) reject H0 because there is evidence at least one of the means differs from the others(c) do not reject H0 because there is no evidence of a
The Concrete file contains data that represent the compressive strength, in thousands of pounds per square inch (psi), of 40 samples of concrete taken two and seven days after pouring.At the 0.01 level of significance, is there evidence that the mean strength is lower at two days than at seven days?
Multiple myeloma, or blood plasma cancer, is characterized by increased blood vessel formulation (angiogenesis) in the bone marrow that is a prognostic factor in survival. One treatment approach used for multiple myeloma is stem cell transplantation with the patient’s own stem cells. The
A newspaper article discussed the opening of a Whole Foods Market in the Time-Warner building in New York City. The following data compared the prices of some kitchen staples at the new Whole Foods Market and at the Fairway supermarket located about 15 blocks from the Time-Warner building:
A problem with a telephone line that prevents a customer from receiving or making calls is upsetting to both the customer and the telephone company. The following data represent samples of 20 problems reported to two different offices of a telephone company and the time to clear these problems (in
You would like to determine at a level of significance of F = 0.05, whether the mean surface hardness of steel intaglio printing plates prepared using a new treatment differs from the mean hardness of plates that are untreated. The following results are from an experiment in which 40 steel plates,
According to a recent study, when shopping online for luxury goods, men spend a mean of $2,401 as compared to women who spend a mean of $1,527 (extracted from R. A. Smith, “Fashion Online: Retailers Tackle the Gender Gap, The Wall Street Journal, March 13, 2008, p. D1, D10). Suppose that the
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