Statistics For People Who Think They Hate Statistics 7th Edition Neil J. Salkind, Bruce B. Frey - Solutions

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The human resources director of a large corporation wants to develop a dental benefits package and decides to select 100 employees from a list of all 5,000 workers in order to study their preferences for the various components of a potential package. The 100 employees who will participate in this
The human resources director of a large corporation wants to develop a dental benefits package and decides to select 100 employees from a list of all 5,000 workers in order to study their preferences for the various components of a potential package. All the employees in the corporation constitute
Statistical inference occurs when you:(a) compute descriptive statistics from a sample(b) take a complete census of a population(c) present a graph of data(d) take the results of a sample and reach conclusions about a population
The number of credit cards in a person’s wallet is an example of a:(a) discrete variable(b) continuous variable(c) categorical variable(d) constant
The body style of an automobile (sedan, coupe, wagon, and so on) is an example of a:(a) discrete variable(b) continuous variable(c) categorical variable(d) constant
The height of an individual is an example of a:(a) discrete variable(b) continuous variable(c) categorical variable(d) constant
A summary measure that is computed from only a sample of the population is called:(a) a parameter(b) a population(c) a discrete variable(d) a statistic
The portion of the population that is selected for analysis is called:(a) a sample(b) a frame(c) a parameter(d) a statistic
Using Chapter 19 Data Set 2, create a crosstabs table that shows the number of Level 4 athletes who are female among 1,000 students. In the data set for the variable Gender, 1 = male and 2 = female. Pivot table time! Now graph the results and produce something visually interesting and informative.
Using the data from the file named Chapter 19 Data Set 1, create a crosstabs table for category (ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 being most industrious) as a function of proficiency scores (ranging from 1 to 5, with 5 being most proficient). How many participants are really (the most) industrious but
In Chapter 17 Data Set 5, you will find entries for two variables: age category(young, middle-aged, and old) and strength following weight training (weak, moderate, and strong). Are these two factors independent of one another?
Here are the results of a survey that examines preference for peanut or plain M&Ms and exercise level. Are these variables related? Do the calculations by hand or using SPSS.
Half the marketing staff of a candy company argue that all these candy bars taste the same and are barely different from one another. The other half disagrees. Who is right? The data are ready for you to analyze as Chapter 17 Data Set 4.
School enrollment officials observed a change in the distribution of the number of students across grades and were not sure whether the new distribution was what they should have expected. Test the following data for goodness of fit at the .05 level.
Using the following data, test the question of whether an equal number of boys(code = 1) and girls (code = 2) participate in soccer at the elementary level at the.01 level of significance. (The data are available as Chapter 17 Data Set 3.) Use SPSS or some other statistical program to compute the
Using the following data, test the question of whether an equal number of Democrats, Republicans, and Independents voted during the most recent election.Test the hypothesis at the .05 level of significance. Do your calculations by hand.
When does the obtained chi-square value equal zero? Describe an example of how this might happen.
Time to try out multiple predictor variables. Take a look at the data shown here where the outcome is becoming a great chef. We suspect that variables such as number of years of experience cooking, level of formal culinary education, and number of different positions (sous chef, pasta station,
Check your calculation of the correlation coefficient of the relationship between coffee consumption and stress done in Chapter 15, Question 5. If you want to know whether coffee consumption predicts group membership:1 What is the predictor or the independent variable?2 What is the criterion or the
Here’s where you can apply the information in one of this chapter’s tips and get a chance to predict a Super Bowl winner! Joe Coach was curious to know whether the average number of games won in a year predicts Super Bowl performance (win or lose). The X variable was the average number of games
Go to the library or online and locate three different research studies in your area of interest that use linear regression. It’s okay if the studies contain more than one predictor variable. Answer the following questions for each study:1 What is one independent variable? What is the dependent
Betsy is interested in predicting how many 75-year-olds will develop Alzheimer’s disease and is using as predictors level of education and general physical health graded on a scale from 1 to 10. But she is interested in using other predictor variables as well. Answer the following questions:1
Chapter 16 Data Set 2 contains the data for a group of participants who took a timed test. The data are the average amount of time the participants took on each item (Time) and the number of guesses it took to get each item correct (Correct).1What is the regression equation for predicting response
How does linear regression differ from analysis of variance?
Chapter 15 Data Set 5 contains four variables:Age (in years)Shoe_Size (small, medium, and large as 1, 2, and 3)Intelligence (as measured by a standardized test)Level_of_Education (in years)Which variables are significantly correlated, and more important, which correlations are meaningful?
Discuss the general idea that just because two things are correlated, one does not necessarily cause the other. Provide an example (other than ice cream and crime!).
Use the data in Chapter 15 Data Set 4 to answer the following questions. Compute the correlation coefficient manually.1 Test for the significance of the correlation coefficient at the .05 level using a two-tailed test between hours of studying and grade.5 A study was completed that examined the
Use the data in Chapter 15 Data Set 3 to answer the questions below. Do the calculations manually or use SPSS.1 Compute the correlation between income and level of education.2 Test for the significance of the correlation.3 What argument can you make to support the conclusion that “lower levels of
Use the data in Chapter 15 Data Set 2 to answer the questions below. Do the analysis manually or by using SPSS.1 Compute the correlation between motivation and GPA.2 Test for the significance of the correlation coefficient at the .05 level using a two-tailed test.3 True or false? The more motivated
Given the following information, use Table B.4 in Appendix B to determine whether the correlations are significant and how you would interpret the results.1 The correlation between speed and strength for 20 women is .567. Test these results at the .01 level using a one-tailed test.2 The correlation
Why is it only appropriate to do a post hoc analysis if the F ratio is significant?
Turns out that there is a significant difference (F(2, 57) = 19.398, p < .001), and thin noodles are most preferred. But what about differences among thin, medium, and thick noodles? Post hoc analysis to the rescue!
The Noodle company wants to know what thickness of noodle consumers find most pleasing to their palate (on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being most pleasing), so the food manufacturer put it to the test. The data are found in Chapter 13 Data Set
The data in Chapter 13 Data Set 3 were collected by a researcher who wants to know whether the amount of stress is different for three groups of employees.Group 1 employees work the morning/day shift, Group 2 employees work the day/evening shift, and Group 3 employees work the night shift. The null
Using the data in Chapter 13 Data Set 2 and SPSS, compute the F ratio for a comparison among the three levels representing the average amount of time that swimmers practice weekly (25 hours), with the outcome variable being their time for the 100-yard freestyle. Answer the question of whether
Using the following table, provide three examples of a simple one-way ANOVA, two examples of a two-factor two-way ANOVA, and one example of a three-factor three-way ANOVA. We show you some examples—you provide the others. Be sure to identify the grouping and the test variable as we have done here.
What is the difference between a one-way analysis of variance and a factorial analysis of variance?
When is analysis of variance a more appropriate statistical technique to use than a t test between a pair of means?
Chapter 12 Data Set 5 provides you with data for two groups of adults, tested in the fall and spring during a resistance weight-lifting class. The outcome variable is bone density (the higher the score, the denser the bones) on a scale from 1 to 10.Does lifting weights work? How about the effect
Take a look at Chapter 12 Data Set 4. Does shift matter when it comes to stress(the higher the stress score, the more stress the worker feels)?
Do this exercise the good old-fashioned way—by hand. A famous brand-name manufacturer wants to know whether people prefer Nibbles or Wribbles.Consumers get a chance to sample each type of cracker and indicate their like or dislike on a scale from 1 to 10. Which do they like the most?
For Chapter 12 Data Set 3, compute the t value and write a conclusion as to whether there is a difference in families’ satisfaction level, measured on a scale of 1 to 15, in their use of service centers following a social service intervention. Do this exercise using SPSS and report the exact
Here are the data from a study in which adolescents were given counseling at the beginning of the school year to see if it had a positive impact on their tolerance for adolescents who were ethnically different from them. Assessments were made right before the treatment and then 6 months later. Did
For Chapter 12 Data Set 2, compute the t value manually and write a conclusion as to whether there was a change in tons of paper used as a function of the recycling program in 25 different districts. (Hint: Before and after become the two levels of treatment.) Test the hypothesis at the .01 level.
In the following examples, indicate whether you would perform a t test of independent means or dependent means.1 Two groups were exposed to different levels of treatment for ankle sprains.Which treatment was most effective?2 A researcher in nursing wanted to know if the recovery of patients was
What is the difference between a test of independent means and a test of dependent means, and when is each appropriate?
Here’s an interesting (and hypothetical) situation. The average score for one group on an aptitude test is 89.5 and the average score for the second group is 89.2. Both groups have sample sizes of about 1,500 and the differences between the means are significant, but the effect size is very small
For this question, you have to do two analyses. Using Chapter 11 Data Set 5, compute the t score for the difference between two groups on the test variable(named score). Then, use Chapter 11 Data Set 6 and do the same. Notice that there is a difference between the two t values, even though the mean
Using the data in Chapter 11 Data Set 4 and SPSS, test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in group means between the number of words spelled correctly for two groups of fourth graders. What is your conclusion?
Here are the results of three experiments where the means of the two groups being compared are exactly the same but the standard deviation is quite different from experiment to experiment. Compute the effect size using Formula 11.6 and then discuss why this size changes as a function of the change
Here’s a good one to think about. A public health researcher (Dr. L) tested the hypothesis that providing new car buyers with child safety seats will also act as an incentive for parents to take other measures to protect their children (such as driving more safely, childproofing the home, etc.).
Using the data in the file named Chapter 11 Data Set 3, test the null hypothesis that urban and rural residents both have the same attitude toward gun control. Use SPSS to complete the analysis for this problem.
Use the following data and SPSS or some other computer application such as Excel or Google Sheets and write a brief paragraph about whether the in-home counseling is equally effective as the out-of-home treatment for two separate groups. Here are the data. The outcome variable is level of anxiety
Using the results you got from Question 3 and a level of significance of .05, what are the two-tailed critical values associated with each result? Would the null hypothesis be rejected?
Time for some tedious, by-hand practice just to see if you can get the numbers right. Using the following information, calculate the t test statistics by hand. 1. X1=62 X2=60 n = 10 n2=10s1 = 2.45 s2 = 3.16 2. X1 = 158 X2 = 157.4 n = 22 n2 = 26 s1 = 2.06 $2 = 2.59 3. X1 = 200 X2 = 198 n1 = 17 n2-17
Using the same data set (Chapter 11 Data Set 2), test the research hypothesis at the.01 level of significance that there is a difference between boys and girls in the number of times they raise their hand in class. Do this practice problem by hand, using a calculator. What is your conclusion
Using the data in the file named Chapter 11 Data Set 2, test the research hypothesis at the .05 level of significance that boys raise their hand in class more often than girls. Do this practice problem by hand, using a calculator. What is your conclusion regarding the research hypothesis? Remember
Here’s a list of units of toys sold by T&K over a 12-month period during 2015.Were the sales of 31,456 for 1 month in 2016 significantly different from monthly sales in 2015?
Millman’s golfing group is terrific for a group of amateurs. Are they ready to turn pro? Here’s the data. (Hint: Remember that the lower the score [in golf], the better!)
A major research study investigated how representative a treatment group’s decrease in symptoms was when a certain drug was administered as compared with the response of the entire population. It turns out that the test of the research hypothesis resulted in a z score of 1.67. What conclusion
The nightshift workers in three of Super Bo’s specialty stores stock about 500 products in about 3 hours. How does this rate compare with the stocking done in the other 97 stores in the chain, which average about 496 products stocked in 3 hours? Are the stockers at the specialty stores doing a
Flu cases per school this past flu season in the Remulak school system (n = 500)were 15 per week. For the entire state, the weekly average was 16, and the standard deviation was 15.1. Are the kids in Remulak as sick as the kids throughout the state?
For the following situations, write out in words a research hypothesis:1 Bob wants to know whether the weight loss for his group on the chocolateonly diet is representative of weight loss in a large population of middleaged men.2 The health department is charged with finding out whether the rate of
What does the z in z test represent? What similarity does it have to a simple z or standard score?
When is it appropriate to use the one-sample z test?
In Figure 9.2, there is a striped area on the right side of the illustration.
What does chance have to do with testing the research hypothesis for significance?
Here’s more exploration of the significance versus meaningfulness debate:
What is the difference between significance and meaningfulness?
Why should we think in terms of “failing to reject” the null rather than just accepting it?
Why is it “harder” to find a significant outcome (all other things being equal) when the research hypothesis is being tested at the .01 rather than the .05 level of significance?
What’s wrong with the following statements?
Given the following information and setting the level of significance at .05 for decision making, would your decision be to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Provide an explanation for your conclusions.
What does the (idea of the) critical value represent?
What is statistical significance?
Why is significance an important construct in the study and use of inferential statistics?
Here’s an interesting extra-credit question. As you know, one of the defining characteristics of the normal curve is that the tails do not touch the x-axis. Why don’t they touch?
Who is the better student, relative to his or her classmates? Here’s all the information you ever wanted to know: Math Class mean. Class standard deviation 81 2 Reading Class mean 87 Class standard 10 deviation Raw Scores Math Score Reading Score Average Noah 85 88 86.5 87 81 84.0 Talya z Scores
Imagine you are in charge of a program in which members are evaluated on five different tests at the end of the program. Why doesn’t it make sense to simply compute the average of the five scores as a measure of performance rather than compute a z score for each test for each individual and
Jake needs to score in the top 10% of his class to earn a physical fitness certificate.The class mean is 78, and the standard deviation is 5.5. What raw score does he need to get that valuable piece of paper?
Questions 8a through 8d are based on a distribution of scores with and standard deviation = 6.38. Draw a small picture to help you see what’s required.1 What is the probability of a score falling between the raw scores of 70 and 80?2 What is the probability of a score falling above a raw score of
For the following set of scores, compute standard scores. Do it using SPSS (easy)and do it manually to keep SPSS honest (not as easy as using SPSS but once you get the hang of it—easy enough). Notice any differences?18 19 15 20 25 31 17 35 27 22 34 29 40 33 21
For the following set of scores, fill in the cells. The mean is 74.13, and the standard deviation is 9.98.
For a raw score of 55, the corresponding z score is +1. What’s the z score when the standard deviation is half as much, or 2.5? From this example, what can you conclude is the effect of decreasing the amount of variability in a set of scores on a standard score(given all else is equal, such as
The mean of a set of test scores is 50, and the standard deviation is
Why is a z score a standard score, and why can standard scores be used to compare scores from different distributions with one another?
Standard scores, such as z scores, allow us to make comparisons across different samples. Why?
To compute a standard score, what three bits of information do you need?
What are the characteristics of the normal curve? What human behavior, trait, or characteristic can you think of that is distributed normally? What makes you think it may be distributed normally?
Why does the null hypothesis presume no relationship between variables?
What is chance in the context of a research hypothesis? And what do we do about chance in our research studies?
What is the null hypothesis, and what is one of its important purposes? How does it differ from the research hypothesis?
What kinds of problems might using a poorly written or ambiguous research hypothesis introduce?
Go back to the five hypotheses that you found in Question 1 and evaluate each using the five criteria that were discussed at the end of the chapter.
For the following research questions, create one null hypothesis, one directional research hypothesis, and one nondirectional research hypothesis.1 What are the effects of attention span on out-of-seat classroom behavior?2 What is the relationship between the quality of a marriage and the quality
While you’re looking through the journal, select two other articles from an area in which you are interested and write a brief description of the sample and how it was selected from the population. Be sure to include some words about whether the researchers did an adequate job of selecting the
Go to the library online or in person and select five empirical research articles(those that contain actual data) from your area of interest. For each one, list the following:1 What is the null hypothesis (implied or explicitly stated)?2 What is the research hypothesis (implied or explicitly
Describe the steps that you would take to establish the construct-based validity of an observational paper-and-pencil test that assesses “thinking outside the box.”
Describe the differences among content-based, predictive criterion-based, and construct-based validity. Give examples of how each of these is measured.
When testing any experimental hypothesis, why is it important that the test you use to measure the outcome be both reliable and valid?

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Statistics For People Who Think They Hate Statistics 7th Edition Neil J. Salkind, Bruce B. Frey - Solutions

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