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principles of behavior
Principles Of Behavior 7th Edition Richard W. Malott, Joseph T. Shane - Solutions
What is the function of a control group? LO8
Describe and diagram the procedure used to help a hospital resident speak again. LO6
Is wearing glasses behavior? Please explain. LO6
In terms of behaviors, what should we normally be talking about? LO6a. Putting on the glasses.b. Taking off the glasses.c. Both.
Construct a table comparing differential reinforcement with shaping. LO6
Give a pair of related examples showing these differences. LO6
Ok, you’ve nailed the basics of shaping so the next time you go into class, explain to your teacher how you’d shape baseball playing starting with t-ball. LO6
Diagram a variable-outcome shaping procedure to improve squirming as a means of locomotion. LO6
Diagram a variable-outcome shaping procedure to improve locomotion from squirming up through running. LO6
Fixed- and variable-outcome shaping—define them. LO6
Fixed-outcome shaping and variable-outcome shaping—diagram two similar examples showing the difference and give an example to show the difference. LO6
Fill in a table contrasting fixed- and variableoutcome shaping. And explain it. LO6
How would you shape lever presses of 100 grams of force using a reinforcement contingency? LO6
How would you shape lever presses of 100 grams force using a punishment contingency? LO6
To shape 100-gram lever presses with punishment, do you need to keep a reinforcement contingency going throughout the entire shaping procedure?Please explain. LO6
Is shaping the same as getting in shape? LO6
Please explain that shaping the same as getting in shape. LO6
Explain why it’s often wrong to talk about shaping the lever press; and explain how shaping can be involved in lever press training. LO6
Show the difference between shaping and behavioral chaining with a human student example. LO6
Diagram the punishment contingency to get rid of bruxism (teeth grinding). What was the intervention and what were the results?LO1
Punishment contingency—define it and diagram an everyday example.LO1
Describe the use of a punishment contingency to get rid of regurgitation. What was the intervention, and what were the results?LO1
Describe the use of a punishment contingency to prevent self-injurious behavior. What was the intervention and what were the results?LO1
Explain how a child might gradually acquire selfinjurious behavior reinforced by attention.LO1
Use an example or two to compare and contrast the following (also construct and use a contingency table in the comparing and contrasting):LO1a. reinforcement by the removal of an aversive stimulus,b. punishment by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
Describe the use of a punishment contingency to prevent self-stimulation. What was the intervention and what were the results?LO1
Diagram the punishment contingency for getting rid of a habitual behavior.LO1
Describe the use of a punishment contingency to reduce aggression. What was the intervention and what were the results?LO1
Overcorrection—define it and give an example.LO1
Sick social cycle (victim's punishment model)- define it and give an example Draw the two contingency diagrams for your example. Draw the circular diagram of the sick social cycle.LO1
Now please fill in the diagram for your entire sick social cycle. (The contingency for the perpetrator goes in the top row; and the contingency for the victim goes in the second row.)LO1• Make sure the first contingency is an escape contingency, where the inappropriate behavior of the perpetrator
Using the Skinner box, compare and contrast punishment and escape.LO1
Compare and contrast Wade’s case with Azrin’s Skinner box experiment.LO1
What are two factors you should consider in doing a cost-benefit analysis of using punishment?LO1
What are six considerations you should include in guidelines for punishment?LO1
Define each of the following concepts:LO1a. dependent variableb. independent variable
Describe an experiment that illustrates these two concepts.LO1
What information can be obtained from a line or bar graph?LO1
What information is represented in the x-axis, or abscissa?LO1
What information is represented in the y-axis, or ordinate?LO1
Multiple-baseline design—describe it and give an example.LO1
List three types of multiple-baseline designs.LO1
Explain and illustrate four of the criteria for good research using a simple baseline design.LO1
Reliability measurement—define it.LO1
What scientific practices must we follow to protect ourselves from our biases?LO1
Informed consent—define it and give an example.LO1
Social validity—define it and give an example.LO1
Compare and contrast negative reinforcement and punishment. Use an example and a contingency table in doing so.LO1
Briefly describe how to use reinforcers to improve behavior in stroke victims. What were the behaviors, the reinforcers, the procedures, and the results?LO5
Reinforcement contingency—define it, use it correctly in a sentence, and diagram three examples.LO5
What is the principle of the delay gradient?LO5
Behavioral contingency—define it and give an example.LO5
Use some version of the verbal expression, to be contingent, in a nontrivial sentence. By trivial I mean like “I must use ‘to be contingent’ in a sentence.” In other words, I want you to use “to be contingent” in a way that shows you understand how to use the term correctly. For
Give an example of an assumed reinforcement contingency in college teaching.LO5
How can you tell if the points are reinforcers?LO5
The general rule of environmental enrichment—give a couple of examples.LO5
Give two examples that at first glance might appear to be reinforcement but are not because the apparent reinforcer comes before the response.LO5
Suppose you had a child with severe problems of bowel retention. How could you use the principle of reinforcement to help the child? Describe:LO5a. the behavior.b. the contingency.c. the reinforcer.d. the expected results.
How does poverty relate to language skills and IQ scores? Language skills and success in school?Success in school and employment? Employment and a halfway decent life for yourself? Employment and a halfway decent life for your children, for your grandchildren, and for your great-grandchildren?LO5
After an initial failure to improve behavior with a reinforcement procedure, what should we not conclude about the person’s genetic quality, intelligence, ability to learn, and ability to have behavior reinforced?LO5
Skinner box—give an example of its use. In the example, describe:LO5a. the apparatusb. the procedurec. the results
What’s the name for the kind of reasoning involved with terms like want?LO5
Diagram an example of circular reasoning.LO5
The error of reification—define it and give an example.LO5
Show how the error of reification is an example of circular reasoning.LO5
Medical-model myth—define it and give an example.LO5
Medical model—give examples of how it differs from the behavioral view.LO5
How is the wrong use of the medical model an example of circular reasoning? Please give an example.LO5
What are the 12 verbs and expressions you shouldn’t use with nonhuman animals and nonverbal human beings?LO5
Give an example of how each can be misused.LO5
Give an example of how to say the same thing without having to wash your mouth out with soap.LO5
We just snuck a tiny joke into the last few sentences; so tiny that only 15% of our students got it.LO5
What is the difference between reinforcer and reinforcement?LO5
Correctly use reinforcer and reinforcement in the same sentence.LO5
Baseline—define it and give an example.LO5
Escape response (behavior)—give an example. LO2
Give an example of the use of reinforcement by the removal of an aversive stimulus. Specify the aversive stimulus and the escape behavior. LO2
Aversive stimulus—define it and give an example of how you could use an aversive stimulus to modify behavior. LO2
Give an example of LO2• an aversive stimulus harmful to you• a harmful stimulus that is not aversive• an aversive stimulus that is not harmful.
You should be so hyped up about how dumb it is to use “adversive,” that you’d spot it immediately on a written quiz and get full credit for correcting it. And, of course your sly but caring professor might occasionally slip an “adversive” into her lecture, just to give you an opportunity
Escape contingency—define it and diagram an example. LO2
To escape—use it in a sentence in a technical sense. LO2
Compare and contrast reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer vs. reinforcement by the removal of an aversive stimulus. Illustrate your points with an example. LO2
Draw the contingency table (preliminary #1) and explain it. LO2
Draw the tree diagram of the two basic reinforcement contingencies.LO2
Give an example of an unacceptable behavior maintained by an escape contingency and show how you might get rid of the bad behavior by substituting a more acceptable alternative escape response. LO2• What is the unacceptable behavior? • What is the aversive condition?• What do you think would
Functional assessment—define it. LO2
What are the three functional assessment strategies? LO2
What kind of contingency is this? LO2a. reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcerb. escape—reinforcement by the removal of an aversive stimulus
Sick social cycle-define it and give an example. LO2• Draw the two contingency diagrams for your example.• Draw the circular diagram of the sick social cycle.
Now please fill in the diagram for your whole sick social cycle. (The contingency for the perpetrator goes in the top row; the contingency for the victim goes in the second row.) LO2
Diagram an escape contingency in a Skinner box. LO2
Describe an experiment that demonstrates learning without awareness. LO2a. What species were the subjects?b. What was the response?c. What were the contingencies?d. What were the differences in the procedures for the four groups?e. What were the results for the four groups?
Parsimony—define it and give an example of how to convert an un-parsimonious analysis to a parsimonious analysis. LO2
Compare and contrast psychiatry and psychology. LO2
Who is the most famous real psychologist in the world? LO2
In simple terms, compare and contrast behavior analysis and psychoanalysis. LO2
The toothpaste theory of abnormal behavior—state and give an example of this false general rule. LO2
Construct the table contrasting our fundamental terms and traditional fundamental terms. Then be able to use that table in answering the following questions. LO2
Which of the following is the negative reinforcer in a Skinner box escape experiment? LO2a. the shockb. the foodc. the termination of the shockd. the termination of the food
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