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Majoring In Psychology Achieving Your Educational And Career Goals 1st Edition Jeffrey L. Helms, Daniel T. Rogers - Solutions
•Practice: In a classic study, men and women rated the importance of physical attractiveness in both a short-term mate and a long-term mate (Buss & Schmitt, 1993)2. The means and standard deviations are as follows. Men / Short Term: M = 5.67, SD = 2.34; Men / Long Term: M = 4.43, SD = 2.11; Women
◦in writing
◦in a figure
◦in a table
•Discussion: What are at least two reasonable ways to deal with each of the following outliers based on the discussion in this chapter? (a) A participant estimating ordinary people’s heights estimates one woman’s height to be “84 inches” tall. (b) In a study of memory for ordinary
1.Explain the purpose of null hypothesis testing, including the role of sampling error.
2.Describe the basic logic of null hypothesis testing.
3.Describe the role of relationship strength and sample size in determining statistical significance and make reasonable judgments about statistical significance based on these two factors.
1.Conduct and interpret one-sample, dependent-samples, and independent-samples t- tests.
2.Interpret the results of one-way, repeated measures, and factorial ANOVAs.3.Conduct and interpret null hypothesis tests of Pearson’s r.
1.Define Type I and Type II errors, explain why they occur, and identify some steps that can be taken to minimize their likelihood.
2.Define statistical power, explain its role in the planning of new studies, and use online tools to compute the statistical power of simple research designs.
3.List some criticisms of conventional null hypothesis testing, along with some ways of dealing with these criticisms.
1.Describe what is meant by the “replicability crisis” in psychology.
2.Describe some questionable research practices.
3.Identify some ways in which scientific rigor may be increased.
4.Understand the importance of openness in psychological science.
•Discussion: Imagine a study showing that people who eat more broccoli tend to be happier. Explain for someone who knows nothing about statistics why the researchers would conduct a null hypothesis test.
•Practice: Use Table 13.1 to decide whether each of the following results is statistically significant.
◦The correlation between two variables is r = −.78 based on a sample size of 137.
◦The mean score on a psychological characteristic for women is 25 (SD = 5) and the mean score for men is 24 (SD = 5). There were 12 women and 10 men in this study.
◦In a memory experiment, the mean number of items recalled by the 40 participants in Condition A was 0.50 standard deviations greater than the mean number recalled by the 40 participants in Condition B.
◦In another memory experiment, the mean scores for participants in Condition A and Condition B came out exactly the same!
◦A student finds a correlation of r = .04 between the number of units the students in his research methods class are taking and the students’ level of stress.
•Practice: Use one of the online tools, Excel, or SPSS to reproduce the one-sample t-test, dependent-samples t-test, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA for the four sets of calorie estimation data presented in this section.
•Practice: A sample of 25 university students rated their friendliness on a scale of 1 (Much Lower Than Average) to 7 (Much Higher Than Average). Their mean rating was 5.30 with a standard deviation of 1.50. Conduct a one-sample t-test comparing their mean rating with a hypothetical mean rating
•Practice: Decide whether each of the following Pearson’s r values is statistically significant for both a one-tailed and a two-tailed test.
◦The correlation between height and IQ is +.13 in a sample of 35.
◦For a sample of 88 university students, the correlation between how disgusted they felt and the harshness of their moral judgments was +.23.
◦The correlation between the number of daily hassles and positive mood is −.43 for a sample of 30 middle-aged adults.
•Discussion: A researcher compares the effectiveness of two forms of psychotherapy for social phobia using an independent-samples t-test.
◦Explain what it would mean for the researcher to commit a Type I error.
◦Explain what it would mean for the researcher to commit a Type II error.
•Discussion: Imagine that you conduct a t-test and the p value is .02. How could you explain what this p value means to someone who is not already familiar with null hypothesis testing? Be sure to avoid the common misinterpretations of the p value.
•For additional practice with Type I and Type II errors, try these problems from Carnegie Mellon’s Open Learning Initiative.
•Discussion: What do you think are some of the key benefits of the adoption of open science practices such as pre-registration and the sharing of raw data and research materials? Can you identify any drawbacks of these practices?
•Practice: Read the online article “Science isn’t broken: It’s just a hell of a lot harder than we give it credit for” and use the interactive tool entitled “Hack your way to scientific glory” in order to better understand the data malpractice of “p-hacking.”
3. Investigate a research opportunity within your undergraduate program or one at a neighboring institution. Contact a faculty member whose research interests you and have a conversation with them about what they look for in an undergraduate research assistant. Use the information they provide you
2. Interview a clinical or counseling psychologist who is working in a setting you have not previously considered as part of your career goals(e.g., hospital, prison, university). Think about your particular interests in clinical and counseling psychology and what settings these interests could be
1. Obtain the perspective of a current graduate student who is pursuing a doctorate in clinical or counseling psychology. Many graduate programs provide e-mail addresses for their graduate students, and many of these students are willing to answer specific questions that a potential applicant might
Psychological Assessment?
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Journal of Counseling Psychology
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Would you be willing to work with them?
What do you need to do to ensure that they would want you to work for them?
Disordered eating in dance professionals
Coping with competitive pressure and sport performance anxiety
Alcohol and drug use among student athletes
Adapting exercise and physical activity for those persons with disabilities
3. Think of an aspect of your learning or functioning in a school setting that has been a source of difficulty (e.g., reading comprehension, social relationships, stress management, study habits).Conduct a literature search to find articles in education and school psychology journals that address
2. Contact a school psychologist within a school or school district that you previously attended as a student. Inquire about the possibility of interviewing him or her, either in person, by phone, or by email, to gain a better understanding of the nature of their work and their career choice.
1. Investigate graduate programs in either educational or school psychology. Once you find a program that fits your interests, identify a faculty member whose work appeals to you. Read a recent publication by this faculty member and generate questions about this work. Consider contacting this
4. Investigate a volunteer opportunity within an area hospital or residential treatment center.Larger hospitals often have volunteer centers and allow some choice in the areas you work(e.g., psychiatric unit or mental health outpatient clinic). These experiences can often help focus your career
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
3. Identify a consulting firm that offers I/O psychology and/or related services to organizations and learn about the types of services they provide. The majority of these firms maintain a strong Web presence in order to effectively market themselves. Contact consultants within the firm and inquire
Selecting the most effective and efficient methods for recruiting and hiring new employees.
Creating a work environment that ensures employee productivity and satisfaction.
Gathering, evaluating, and responding to customer satisfaction data.
Determining which candidates for a position or promotion are the most qualified.
Reducing employee stress, turnover, absenteeism, burnout, and low productivity.
Building collaborative and cooperative work teams.
Evaluating or appraising employees’ work.
Eliminating incidents of harassment, discrimination, and conflict.
Increasing employee motivation, dedication, and commitment?
Journal of Applied Psychology
Personnel Psychology
Academy of Management Journal
Academy of Management Review
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology?
1. Select a major business or organization and learn about how it currently operates in areas relevant to I/O psychology. For example, if you select a major retail chain, seek to learn about how it selects employees, evaluates employees’work, trains its leaders, or structures the work
2. Locate a job advertisement for a human resources position that you could potentially qualify for as an undergraduate student. Investigate the responsibilities associated with the position, as well as those of the department in which you would work. Consider whether such a position might provide
Facilitating major changes to the organization, structure, or mission of a company.
Gambling by student and professional athletes
What are some of the topics they study?
Where does the person work?
3. For one of the authors cited in this chapter or on the APLS web page, do a web search for information on him/her. Answer the following questions:
Were any of the authors students?
Where do the authors work?
What are some of the topics studied?
2. Locate an issue of one of the top journals listed in this chapter. Answer the following questions.
What training is required for the position?
What does a person include in his/her application?
How does an applicant apply?
Where is the position?
What is the person’s job (e.g., professor, student, clinician)?
What other publications/presentations does the person have?
What is their acceptance rate? How many people apply? How many people do they accept? How many people actually come to the program?
If the person is a professor, what courses do they teach?
4. Research one of the forensically oriented graduate programs listed in the article by Helms and Mayhew (2006) or on the APLS Student Section web page. Answer the following questions:
What is the name of the program?
What degrees does the program offer?
What are the application procedures?
When is the application deadline?
Do they require entrance exams (e.g., the GRE)? If so, what are the minimum scores?More importantly, what are the average scores of recent students?
What other requirements do they have for admission?
What, if any, financial support do they provide their students?
What do their students end up doing when they graduate?
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