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psychology
Cognitive Psychology 6th Edition Robert J. Sternberg, Karin Sternberg - Solutions
In this chapter, we saw that passive-voice sentences can be transformed into active-voice sentences using transformation rules. What are some other kinds of sentence structures that are related to one another? In your own words, state the transformation rules that would govern the changes from one
Based on the discussion of reading in this chapter, what practical suggestion could you recommend that might make reading easier for someone who is having difficulty reading?
What have cognitive psychologists discovered regarding how we encode information for storing it in memory?
What affects our ability to retrieve information from memory?
How does what we know or what we learn affect what we remember?
How does encoding differ in the short-term storage and the long-term storage?
What is rehearsal?
Name three mnemonic devices.
How do we retrieve data from short-term memory?
Why do we need to make a difference between the availability and the accessibility of information?
Does intelligence influence retrieval?
Name and define two types of interference.
What is the recency effect?
What is the difference between interference and decay?
In what specific ways do memory distortions occur?
Do you think eyewitness accounts should be allowed in court?
What are repressed memories?
How does the context influence encoding and retrieval of information?
In what forms do we encode information for brief memory storage versus long-term memory storage?
What is the evidence for encoding specificity?Cite at least three sources of supporting evidence.
What is the main difference between two of the proposed mechanisms by which we forget information?
Compare and contrast some of the views regarding flashbulb memory.
Suppose that you are an attorney defending a client who is being prosecuted solely on the basis of eyewitness testimony. How could you demonstrate to members of the jury the frailty of eyewitness testimony?
Use the chapter-opening example from Bransford and Johnson as an illustration to make up a description of a common procedure without labeling the procedure (e.g., baking chocolate chip cookies or changing a tire). Try having someone read your description and then recall the procedure.
Make a list of 10 or more unrelated items you need to memorize. Choose one of the mnemonic devices mentioned in this chapter, and describe how you would apply the device to memorizing the list of items. Be specific.
What are three things you learned about memory that can help you to learn new information and effectively recall the information over the long term?
What is cognitive psychology?
How did psychology develop as a science?
How did cognitive psychology develop from psychology?
How have other disciplines contributed to the development of theory and research in cognitive psychology?
What methods do cognitive psychologists use to study how people think?
What are the current issues and various fields of study within cognitive psychology?
What is pragmatism, and how is it related to functionalism?
How are associationism and behaviorism both similar and different?
What is the fundamental idea behind Gestalt psychology?
What is the meaning of modularity of mind?
How does cognitivism incorporate elements of the schools that preceded it?
What is the meaning of “statistical significance”?
How do independent and dependent variables differ?
Why is the experimental method uniquely suited to drawing causal inferences?
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the case-study method?
How does a theory differ from a hypothesis?
Describe the major historical schools of psychological thought leading up to the development of cognitive psychology.
Describe some of the ways in which philosophy, linguistics, and artificial intelligence have contributed to the development of cognitive psychology.
Compare and contrast the influences of Plato and Aristotle on psychology.
Analyze how various research methods in cognitive psychology reflect empiricist and rationalist approaches to gaining knowledge.
Design a rough sketch of a cognitivepsychological investigation involving one of the research methods described in this chapter.Highlight both the advantages and the disadvantages of using this particular method for your investigation.
This chapter describes cognitive psychology as the field is at present. How might you speculate that the field will change in the next 50 years?
How might an insight gained from basic research lead to practical uses in an everyday setting?
How might an insight gained from applied research lead to a deepened understanding of the fundamental features of cognition?
What are the fundamental structures and processes within the brain?
How do researchers study the major structures and processes of the brain?
What have researchers found as a result of studying the brain?
Name some of the major structures in each part of the brain (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain) and their functions.
What does localization of function mean?
Why do researchers believe that the brain exhibits some level of hemispheric specialization?
What are the four lobes of the brain and some of the functions associated with them?
How do neurons transmit information?
In the investigation of the structure and functions of the brain, what methods of study can be used only in nonhuman animals, and what methods can be used in humans?
What are typical questions that are investigated with EEGs, PETs, and fMRIs?
Why is it useful to have imaging methods that display the metabolism of the brain?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of in vivo techniques compared to postmortem studies?
Why is the study of brain disorders useful for cognitive psychologists?
What are brain tumors, and how are they diagnosed?
What are the causes of strokes?
What are the symptoms of head injuries?
Is there a relationship between brain size and intelligence?
Why does higher intelligence in many instances correlate with reduced levels of glucose metabolism during problem-solving tasks?
What is the P-FIT theory of intelligence?
How have views of the nature of the relation between brain and cognition changed over time?
Briefly summarize the main structures and functions of the brain.
What are some of the reasons that researchers are interested in finding out the localization of function in the human brain?
In your opinion, why have the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain evolved (across the human species) and developed (across human prenatal development) in the sequence mentioned in this chapter? Include the main functions of each in your comments.
Researchers already are aware that a deficit of a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in the hippocampus is linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Given the difficulty of reaching the hippocampus without causing other kinds of brain damage, how might researchers try to treat Alzheimer’s disease?
In your opinion, why is it that some discoveries, such as that of Marc Dax, go unnoticed? What can be done to maximize the possibility that key discoveries will be noticed?
Given the functions of each of the cortical lobes, how might a lesion in one of the lobes be discovered?
What is an area of cognition that could be studied effectively by viewing the structure or function of the human brain? Describe how a researcher might use one of the techniques mentioned in this chapter to study that area of cognition.
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