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Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis 5th Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay L Devore - Solutions

12.44 Jail inmates can be classified into one of the following four categories according to the type of crime committed: violent crime, crime against property, drug offenses, and public-order offenses. Suppose that random samples of 500 male inmates and 500 female inmates are selected, and each
2. After the class is satisfied with the data collection plan, assign members of the class to prepare the gelatin to be used in the experiment.
11.82 Both surface soil and subsoil specimens were taken from eight randomly selected agricultural locations in a particular county. The soil specimens were analyzed to determine both surface pH and subsoil pH, with the results shown in the accompanying table.Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Surface pH
11.47 The article “Freedom of What?” (Associated Press, February 1, 2005) described a study in which high school students and high school teachers were asked whether they agreed with the following statement: “Students should be allowed to report controversial issues in their student
11.12 The paper “Mood Food: Chocolate and Depressive Symptoms in a Cross-Sectional Analysis” (Archives of Internal Medicine [2010]: 699–703) describes a study that investigated the relationship between depression and chocolate consumption. Participants in the study were 931 adults who were
11.14 Example 11.1 looked at a study comparing students who use Facebook and students who do not use Facebook (“Facebook and Academic Performance,”Computers in Human Behavior [2010]: 1237–1245).In addition to asking the students in the samples about GPA, each student was also asked how many
11.15 The Nielsen Company conducts surveys each year about the use of various media, such as television and video viewing. A representative sample of adult Americans was surveyed in 2010, and the mean number of minutes per week spent watching “timeshifted”television(watching television shows
11.16 Do female college students spend more time than male college students watching TV? This was one of the questions investigated by the authors of the paper“An Ecological Momentary Assessment of the Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Patterns of University Students” (Heath Education
11.18 The paper “The Observed Effects of Teenage Passengers on the Risky Driving Behavior of Teenage Drivers”(Accident Analysis and Prevention [2005]: 973– 982)investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a
11.23 Head movement evaluations are important because disabled individuals may be able to operate communications aids using head motion. The paper“Constancy of Head Turning Recorded in Healthy Young Humans” (J. of Biomedical Engineering [2008]: 428–436)reported the accompanying data on neck
11.11 Each person in random samples of 247 male and 253 female working adults living in Calgary, Canada, was asked how long, in minutes, his or her typical daily commute was (“Calgary Herald Traffic Study,” Ipsos, September 17, 2005). Use the accompanying summary statistics and an appropriate
11.10 Do male college students spend more time than female college students using a computer? This was one of the questions investigated by the authors of the paper “An Ecological Momentary Assessment of the Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Patterns of University Students” (Heath
11.1 Consider two populations for which m1 5 30, s1 5 2, m2 5 25, and s2 5 3. Suppose that two independent random samples of sizes n1 5 40 and n2 5 50 are selected. Describe the approximate sampling distribution of x1 2 x2 (center, spread, and shape).
11.2 An individual can take either a scenic route to work or a nonscenic route. She decides that use of the nonscenic route can be justified only if it reduces the mean travel time by more than 10 minutes.a. If m1 is the mean for the scenic route and m2 for the nonscenic route, what hypotheses
11.3 The paper “Ladies First?” A Field Study of Discrimination in Coffee Shops” (Applied Economics [2008]: 1-19)describes a study in which researchers observed wait times in coffee shops in Boston. Both wait time and gender of the customer were observed. The mean wait time for a sample of 145
11.4 In the paper “Happiness for Sale: Do Experiential Purchases Make Consumers Happier than Material Purchases?” (Journal of Consumer Research [2009]:188–197), the authors distinguish between spending money on experiences (such as travel) and spending money on material possessions (such as a
11.5 ● The article “Plugged In, but Tuned Out” (USA Today, January 20, 2010) summarizes data from two surveys of kids age 8 to 18. One survey was conducted in 1999 and the other was conducted in 2009. Data on number of hours per day spent using electronic media that are consistent with
11.6 Can moving their hands help children learn math? This question was investigated in the paper“Gesturing Gives Children New Ideas about Math”(Psychological Science [2009]: 267–272). Eighty-five children in the third and fourth grades who did not answer any questions correctly on a test
11.7 The accompanying data on food intake (in Kcal)for 15 men on the day following two nights of only 4 hours of sleep each night and for 15 men on the day following two nights of 8 hours of sleep each night is consistent with summary quantities in the paper“Short-Term Sleep Loss Decreases
11.8 The paper “If It’s Hard to Read, It’s Hard to Do” (Psychological Science [2008]: 986–988) described an interesting study of how people perceive the effort required to do certain tasks. Each of 20 students was randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group was given instructions
11.9 Is injecting medical cement effective in reducing pain for people who have suffered fractured vertebrae?The paper “A Randomized Trial of Vertebroplasty for Osteoporotic Spinal Fractures” (New England Journal of Medicine [2009]: 569–578) describes an experiment to compare patients who
11.24 ● ▼ To determine if chocolate milk was as effective as other carbohydrate replacement drinks, nine male cyclists performed an intense workout followed by a drink and a rest period. At the end of the rest period, each cyclist performed an endurance trial in which he exercised until
11.25 ● The humorous paper “Will Humans Swim Faster or Slower in Syrup?” (American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal [2004]: 2646– 2647) investigates the fluid mechanics of swimming. Twenty swimmers each swam a specified distance in a water-filled pool and in a pool in which the water
11.37 Some people seem to believe that you can fix anything with duct tape. Even so, many were skeptical when researchers announced that duct tape may be a more effective and less painful alternative than liquid nitrogen, which doctors routinely use to freeze warts.The article “What a Fix-It:
11.42 USA Today (February 16, 2012) reported that the percentage of U.S. residents living in poverty was 12.5% for men and 15.1% for women. These percentages were estimates based on data from large representative samples of men and women. For purposes of this exercise, suppose that the sample sizes
11.44 The press release referenced in the previous exercise also included data from independent surveys of teenage drivers and parents of teenage drivers.In response to a question asking if they approved of laws banning the use of cell phones and texting while driving, 74% of the teens surveyed and
11.36 The authors of the paper “Ultrasound Techniques Applied to Body Fat Measurement in Male and Female Athletes” (Journal of Athletic Training [2009]: 142–147)compared two different methods for measuring body fat percentage. One method uses ultrasound, and the other method uses X-ray
11.35 Babies born extremely prematurely run the risk of various neurological problems and tend to have lower IQ and verbal ability scores than babies that are not premature. The article “Premature Babies May Recover Intelligence, Study Says” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, February 12, 2003)
11.26 ● The study described in the paper “Marketing Actions Can Modulate Neural Representation of Experienced Pleasantness” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [2008]: 1050–1054) investigated whether price affects people’s judgment. Twenty people each tasted six cabernet
11.27 The article “A Shovel with a Perforated Blade Reduces Energy Expenditure Required for Digging Wet Clay”(Human Factors, 2010: 492–502) reported on a study in which each of 13 workers was provided with both a conventional shovel and a shovel whose blade was perforated with small holes.
11.29 The paper “The Truth About Lying in Online Dating Profiles”(Proceedings, Computer-Human Interactions [2007]:1–4) describes an investigation in which 40 men and 40 women with online dating profiles agreed to participate in a study. Each participant’s height (in inches) was measured and
11.30 The press release titled “Keeping Score When It counts:Graduation Rates and Academic Progress Rates” (The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport, March 16, 2009) gave the 2009 graduation rates for African-American basketball players and for white basketball players at every NCAA
11.31 Breast feeding sometimes results in a temporary loss of bone mass as calcium is depleted in the mother’s body to provide for milk production. The paper“Bone Mass Is Recovered from Lactation to Postweaning in Adolescent Mothers with Low Calcium Intakes”(American Journal of Clinical
11.32 The paper “Quantitative Assessment of Glenohumeral Translation in Baseball Players” (The American Journal of Sports Medicine [2004]: 1711– 1715) considered various aspects of shoulder motion for a sample of pitchers and another sample of position players. The authors kindly supplied the
11.34 The authors of the paper “Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement” (International Journal of Nursing Studies[2010]: 931–936) compared two different instruments for measuring a person’s capacity for breathing out air.(This measurement is
11.69 In a study of memory recall, eight students from a large psychology class were selected at random and given 10 minutes to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. Each was asked to list as many of the words as he or she could remember both 1 hour and 24 hours later. The data are as shown in the
11.68 The article “Trial Lawyers and Testosterone: Blue-Collar Talent in a White-Collar World” (Journal of Applied Social Psychology [1998]: 84– 94) compared trial lawyers and nontrial lawyers on the basis of mean testosterone level. Random samples of 35 male trial lawyers, 31 male nontrial
11.67 When a surgeon repairs injuries, sutures (stitched knots) are used to hold together and stabilize the injured area. If these knots elongate and loosen through use, the injury may not heal properly because the tissues would not be optimally positioned.Researchers at the University of
11.66 In a study of a proposed treatment for diabetes prevention, 339 people under the age of 20 who were thought to be at high risk of developing type I diabetes were assigned at random to two groups. One group received twice-daily injections of a low dose of insulin. The other group (the control)
11.64 The Oregon Department of Health web site provides information on the cost-to-charge ratio (the percentage of billed charges that are actual costs to the hospital). The cost-to-charge ratios for both inpatient and outpatient care in 2002 for a sample of six hospitals in Oregon follow.Hospital
11.63 A deficiency of the trace element selenium in the diet can negatively impact growth, immunity, muscle and neuromuscular function, and fertility. The introduction of selenium supplements to dairy cows is justified when pastures have low selenium levels.Authors of the paper “Effects of
11.62 Are girls less inclined to enroll in science courses than boys? One study (“Intentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences,” Science Education [1999]:55–76) asked randomly selected fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-graders how many
11.61 Do faculty and students have similar perceptions of what types of behavior are inappropriate in the classroom?This question was examined by the author of the article “Faculty and Student Perceptions of Classroom Etiquette” (Journal of College Student Development(1998): 515– 516). Each
11.70 As part of a study to determine the effects of allowing the use of credit cards for alcohol purchases in Canada (“Changes in Alcohol Consumption Patterns Following the Introduction of Credit Cards in Ontario Liquor Stores,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol [1999]:378– 382), randomly
11.71 Several methods of estimating the number of seeds in soil samples have been developed by ecologists.An article in the Journal of Ecology (“A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Seed Numbers in the Soil”[1990]: 1079– 1093) gave the accompanying data on the number of seeds detected by
11.80 Key terms in survey questions are often not well understood, and such ambiguity can affect responses.As an example, the article “How Unclear Terms Affect Survey Data” (Public Opinion Quarterly [1992]: 218– 231)described a survey in which each individual in a sample was asked, “Do you
11.79 Dentists make many people nervous. To see whether such nervousness elevates blood pressure, the blood pressure and pulse rates of 60 subjects were measured in a dental setting and in a medical setting (“The Effect of the Dental Setting on Blood Pressure Measurement,”American Journal of
11.78 Are very young infants more likely to imitate actions that are modeled by a person or simulated by an object? This question was the basis of a research study summarized in the article “The Role of Person and Object in Eliciting Early Imitation” (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
11.77 Here’s one to sink your teeth into: The authors of the article “Analysis of Food Crushing Sounds During Mastication:Total Sound Level Studies” (Journal of Texture Studies [1990]: 165– 178) studied the nature of sounds generated during eating. Peak loudness (in decibels at 20 cm away)
11.76 Wayne Gretzky was one of ice hockey’s most prolific scorers when he played for the Edmonton Oilers.During his last season with the Oilers, Gretzky played in 41 games and missed 17 games due to injury. The article “The Great Gretzky” (Chance [1991]:16– 21) looked at the number of goals
11.75 The positive effect of water fluoridation on dental health is well documented. One study that validates this is described in the article “Impact of Water Fluoridation on Children’s Dental Health: A Controlled Study of Two Pennsylvania Communities” (American Statistical Association
11.74 The article “Softball Sliding Injuries” (American Journal of Diseases of Children [1988]: 715– 716) provided a comparison of breakaway bases (designed to reduce injuries) and stationary bases. Consider the accompanying data (which agree with summary values given in the paper).Number of
11.73 The article “Truth and DARE: Tracking Drug Education to Graduation” (Social Problems [1994]: 448– 456) compared the drug use of 288 randomly selected high school seniors exposed to a drug education program(DARE) and 335 randomly selected high school seniors who were not exposed to such
4. If assigned to do so by your instructor, carry out one of your experiments and analyze the resulting data. Write a brief report that describes the experimental design, includes both graphical and numerical summaries of the resulting data, and communicates the conclusions that follow from your
3. Which of the two proposed designs would you recommend, and why?
11.57 In December 2001, the Department of Veterans Affairs announced that it would begin paying benefits to soldiers suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease who had served in the Gulf War (The New York Times, December 11, 2001). This decision was based on an analysis in which the Lou Gehrig’s
11.55 “Mountain Biking May Reduce Fertility in Men, Study Says” was the headline of an article appearing in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (December 3, 2002). This conclusion was based on an Austrian study that compared sperm counts of avid mountain bikers (those who ride at least 12 hours per
11.53 “Smartest People Often Dumbest About Sunburns” is the headline of an article that appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (July 19, 2006). The article states that “those with a college degree reported a higher incidence of sunburn than those without a high school degree—43% versus
11.50 The article referenced in the previous exercise also reported that 5.7% of high school graduates were unemployed in 2008 and 9.7% of high school graduates were unemployed in 2009. Suppose that the reported percentages were based on independently selected representative samples of 400 high
11.49 The article “College Graduates Break Even by Age 33”(USA Today, September 21, 2010) reported that 2.6%of college graduates were unemployed in 2008 and 4.6% of college graduates were unemployed in 2009.Suppose that the reported percentages were based on independently selected
11.58 The paper “The Psychological Consequences of Money” (Science [2006]: 1154–1156) describes several experiments designed to investigate the way in which money can change behavior. In one experiment, participants completed one of two versions of a task in which they were given lists of
2. How would you modify the design from Step 1 so that the resulting data are paired? Is the way in which randomization is incorporated into the new design different from the way it is incorporated in the design from Step 1? Explain.
1. Working in a group, design an experiment to investigate the given research question that would result in independent samples. Be sure to describe how you plan to measure quickness of reflexes, what extraneous variables will be directly controlled, and the role that randomization plays in your
6. Write a paragraph for the sports section of your school newspaper describing this experiment and the conclusions that can be drawn from it.
5. Is the conclusion in the test of Step 4 consistent with your initial prediction of the outcome of this experiment?Explain.
4. Carry out an appropriate hypothesis test to determine whether there is convincing evidence that the mean distance traveled is greater for a helium-filled football than for an air-filled football.
3. There are two samples in this data set. One consists of distances traveled for the 39 kicks of the air-filled football, and the other consists of the 39 distances for the helium-filled football. Are these samples independent or paired? Explain.
2. The data from this experiment can be found in the Data and Story Library at the following web site:http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/DASL/Datafiles/heliumfootball.html Go to this web site and print out the data for the 39 trials.
1. Do you think that helium-filled balls will tend to travel farther than air-filled balls when kicked? Before looking at the data, write a few sentences indicating what you think the outcome of this experiment was and describing the reasoning that supports your prediction.
13.28 ● Exercise 13.21 gave data on x 5 nerve firing frequency and y 5 pleasantness rating when nerves were stimulated by a light brushing stroke on the forearm. The x values and the corresponding residuals from a simple linear regression are as follows:Firing Frequency, x Standardized Residual
14.16 ▼ When coastal power stations take in large quantities of cooling water, it is inevitable that a number of fish are drawn in with the water. Various methods have been designed to screen out the fish. The article“Multiple Regression Analysis for Forecasting Critical Fish Influxes at Power
14.31 The article “Effect of Manual Defoliation on Pole Bean Yield” (Journal of Economic Entomology [1984]:1019–1023) used a quadratic regression model to describe the relationship between y 5 yield (kg/plot)and x 5 defoliation level (a proportion between 0 and 1). The estimated regression
14.32 Suppose that a multiple regression data set consists of n 5 15 observations. For what values of k, the number of model predictors, would the corresponding model with R2 5 .90 be judged useful at significance level .05? Does such a large R2 value necessarily imply a useful model? Explain.
14.33 This exercise requires the use of a computer package. Use the data given in Exercise 14.29 to verify that the regression function mean y value 5 a 1 b1x1 1 b2x2 1 b3x3 1 b4x4 1 b5x5 is estimated by y⁄5 2151.36 2 16.22x1 1 13.48x2 1 .094x3 2 .253x4 1 .492x5
14.34 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The accompanying data resulted from a study of the relationship between y 5 brightness of finished paper and the independent variables x1 5 hydrogen peroxide(% by weight), x2 5 sodium hydroxide (% by weight), x3 5 silicate (% by
1. Construct four scatterplots—one of y versus each of x1, x2, x3, and x4. Do the scatterplots look the way you expected based on the way the data were generated?Explain.
2. Fit each of the following regression models:i. y with x1 ii. y with x1 and x2 iii. y with x1 and x2 and x3 iv. y with x1 and x2 and x3 and x4
3. Make a table that gives the R2, the adjusted R2, and se values for each of the models fit in Step 2. Write a few sentences describing what happens to each of these three quantities as additional variables are added to the multiple regression model.
4. Given the manner in which these data were generated, what is the implication of what you observed in Step 3? What does this suggest about the relationship between number of predictors and sample size?
●● how analysis of variance is used to judge whether more than two population or treatment means are significantly different.Students will be able to:
●● carry out a hypothesis test to determine whether two or more population or treatment means are significantly different and interpret the results in context.
14.29 ● ▼ The article “The Undrained Strength of Some Thawed Permafrost Soils” (Canadian Geotechnical Journal[1979]: 420–427) contained the accompanying data on y 5 shear strength of sandy soil (kPa), x1 5 depth(m), and x2 5 water content (%). The predicted values and residuals were
14.28 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The article “Vital Dimensions in Volume Perception:Product Material Height Maximum Width Minimum Width Elongation Volume 1 glass 7.7 2.50 1.80 1.50 125 2 glass 6.2 2.90 2.70 1.07 135 3 glass 8.5 2.15 2.00 1.98 175 4 glass 10.4 2.90
14.17 Obtain as much information as you can about the P-value for an upper-tailed F test in each of the following situations. (Hint: See the section of F distributions.)a. df1 5 3, df2 5 15, calculated F 5 4.23b. df1 5 4, df2 5 18, calculated F 5 1.95c. df1 5 5, df2 5 20, calculated F 5 4.10d. df1
14.18 Obtain as much information as you can about the P-value for the F test for model utility in each of the following situations:a. k 5 2, n 5 21, calculated F 5 2.47b. k 5 8, n 5 25, calculated F 5 5.98c. k 5 5, n 5 26, calculated F 5 3.00d. The full quadratic model based on x1 and x2 is fit, n
14.19 Data from a sample of n 5 150 quail eggs were used to fit a multiple regression model relating y 5 eggshell surface area (mm2)x1 5 egg weight (g)x2 5 egg width (mm)x3 5 egg length (mm)(“Predicting Yolk Height, Yolk Width, Albumen Length, Eggshell Weight, Egg Shape Index, Eggshell Thickness,
14.20 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The paper “Habitat Selection by Black Bears in an Intensively Logged Boreal Forrest” (Canadian Journal of Zoology [2008]: 1307–1316) gave the accompanying data on n 5 11 female black bears.a. Fit a multiple regression model to
14.21 The ability of ecologists to identify regions of greatest species richness could have an impact on the preservation of genetic diversity, a major objective of the World Conservation Strategy. The article “Prediction of Rarities from Habitat Variables: Coastal Plain Plants on Nova Scotian
14.22 The article “Impacts of On-Campus and Off-Campus Work on First-Year Cognitive Outcomes” (Journal of College Student Development [1994]: 364–370) reported on a study in which y 5 spring math comprehension score was regressed against x1 5 previous fall test score, x2 5 previous fall
14.23 Is the model fit in Exercise 14.16 useful? Carry out a test using a significance level of .10.14.24 The accompanying Minitab output results from fitting the model described in Exercise 14.14 to data.Predictor Coef Stdev t-ratio Constant 86.85 85.39 1.02 X1 -0.12297 0.03276 -3.75 X2 5.090
14.25 For the multiple regression model in Exercise 14.6, the value of R2 was .06 and the adjusted R2 was .06.The model was based on a data set with 1136 observations.Perform a model utility test for this regression.
14.26 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The article “Movement and Habitat Use by Lake Whitefish During Spawning in a Boreal Lake: Integrating Acoustic Telemetry and Geographic Information Systems” (Transactions of the American Fisheries Society [1999]: 939–952) included
14.27 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The authors of the article “Absolute Versus per Unit Body Length Speed of Prey as an Estimator of Vulnerability to Predation” (Animal Behaviour [1999]: 347–352)found that the speed of a prey (twips/s) and the length of a prey
●● use a multiple comparison procedure to identify differences in population or treatment means.
15.1 Give as much information as you can about the P-value for an upper-tailed F test in each of the following situations:a. df1 5 4, df2 5 15, F 5 5.37b. df1 5 4, df2 5 15, F 5 1.90c. df1 5 4, df2 5 15, F 5 4.89d. df1 5 3, df2 5 20, F 5 14.48e. df1 5 3, df2 5 20, F 5 2.69f. df1 5 4, df2 5 50, F 5
15.2 Give as much information as you can about the P-value of the single-factor ANOVA F test in each of the following situations:a. k 5 5, n1 5 n2 5 n3 5 n4 5 n5 5 4, F 5 5.37b. k 5 5, n1 5 n2 5 n3 5 5, n4 5 n5 5 4, F 5 2.83c. k 5 3, n1 5 4, n2 5 5, n3 5 6, F 5 5.02d. k 5 3, n1 5 n2 5 4, n3 5 6, F
15.16 The accompanying underscoring pattern appears in the article “Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text” (Communications Research [2006]: 507–529). Women either viewed slides depicting images of thin female models with no text (treatment 1),
15.17 The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave the following underscoring pattern for men:Treatment: 2 1 3 4 Mean number of pretzels consumed:6.61 5.96 3.38 2.70a. Write a few sentences interpreting this underscoring pattern.b. Using your answers from Part (a) and from the previous
15.18 The paper referenced in Exercise 15.5 described an experiment to determine if restrictive age labeling on video games increased the attractiveness of the game for boys age 12 to 13. In that exercise, the null hypothesis H0: m1 5 m2 5 m3 5 m4, where m1 is the population mean attractiveness
15.19 The authors of the paper “Beyond the Shooter Game:Examining Presence and Hostile Outcomes among Male Game Players” (Communication Research [2006]: 448–466)studied how video-game content might influence attitudes and behavior. Male students at a large Midwestern university were assigned

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