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The Essentials Of Statistics A Tool For Social Research 2nd Edition Joseph F. Healey - Solutions

SOC An urban sociologist has built up a database describing a sample of the neighborhoods in her city and has developed a scale by which each area can be rated for the “quality of life”(this includes measures of pollution, noise, open space, services available, and so on). She has also asked
SOC At a large urban college, about half of the students live off campus in various arrangements, and the other half live in dormitories on campus. Is academic performance dependent on living arrangements? The results based on a random sample of 300 students are presented below.Residential Status
PS Is there a relationship between political ideology and class standing? Are upper-class students signifi cantly different from underclass students on this variable? The table below reports the relationship between these two variables for a random sample of 267 college students.Class Standing
SOC Is there a relationship between length of marriage and satisfaction with marriage? The necessary information has been collected from a random sample of 100 respondents drawn from a local community. Write a sentence or two explaining your decision.Length of Marriage (in years)Satisfaction Less
CJ A local judge has been allowing some individuals convicted of “driving under the infl uence” to work in a hospital emergency room as an alternative to fi nes, suspensions, and other penalties. A random sample of offenders has been drawn. Do participants in this program have lower rates of
SOC The state department of education has rated a sample of local school systems for compliance with state-mandated guidelines for quality. Is the quality of a school system signifi cantly related to the affl uence of the community as measured by per capita income?Per Capita Income Quality Low High
SOC A program of pet therapy has been running at a local nursing home. Are the participants in the program more alert and responsive than nonparticipants? The results, drawn from a random sample of residents, are reported below.Status Alertness Participants Nonparticipants Totals High 23 15 38 Low
PS Many analysts have noted a “gender gap” in elections for the U.S. presidency, with women more likely to vote for the Democratic candidate. A sample of university faculty were asked about their political party preference. Do their responses indicate a signifi cant relationship between gender
SW A local politician is concerned that a program for the homeless in her city is discriminating against blacks and other minorities. The data below were taken from a random sample of black and white homeless people.a. Is there a statistically signifi cant relationship between race and whether or
SOC A sample of 25 cities have been classifi ed as high or low on their homicide rates and on the number of handguns sold within the city limits. Is there a relationship between these two variables?Explain your results in a sentence or two.Homicide Rate Volume of Gun Sales Low High Totals High 8 5
For each table below, calculate the obtained chi square. (HINT: Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell with Formula 11.2. Double-check to make sure you are using the correct row and column marginals for each cell. It may be helpful to record the expected frequencies in table format as
SOC Does support for suicide (death with dignity) vary by social class? Is this relationship different in different nations? Small samples in three nations were asked if it is ever justifi ed for a person with an incurable disease to take his or her own life. Respondents answered in terms of a
SOC A small random sample of respondents has been selected from the General Social Survey database. Each respondent has been classifi ed as either a city dweller, a suburbanite, or a rural dweller. Are there statistically signifi cant differences by place of residence for any of the variables
SOC Does the rate of voter turnout vary signifi -cantly by the type of election? A random sample of voting precincts displays the following pattern of voter turnout by election type. Assess the results for signifi cance.Local Only State National 33 35 42 78 56 40 32 35 52 28 40 66 10 45 78 12 42 62
CJ Two separate crime-reduction programs have been implemented in the city of Shinbone. One involves a neighborhood watch program with citizens actively involved in crime prevention. The second involves offi cers patrolling the neighborhoods on foot rather than in patrol cars. In terms of the
SOC In a local community, a random sample of 18 couples has been assessed on a scale that measures the extent to which power and decision making are shared (lower scores) or monopolized by one party (higher scores) and on marital happiness (lower scores indicate lower levels of unhappiness). The
SOC What type of person is most involved in the neighborhood and community? Who is more likely to volunteer for organizations such as PTA, scouts, or Little League? A random sample of 15 people have been asked for their number of memberships in community voluntary organizations and some other
Conduct the ANOVA test for each set of scores below. (HINT: Keep track of all sums and means by constructing computational tables like Table 10.3 or 10.4.)a.Category AB C 5 10 12 7 12 16 8 14 18 9 15 20 b.Category ABC 1 2 3 10 12 10 9 2 7 20 3 14 8 1 1
SOC Some results from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample are reported below in terms of differences by sex.Which of these differences, if any, are signifi -cant? Write a sentence or two of interpretation for each test.a. Proportion favoring the legalization of marijuana are
CJ The local police chief started a “crimeline”program some years ago and wonders if it’s really working. The program publicizes unsolved violent crimes in the local media and offers cash rewards for information leading to arrests. Are“featured” crimes more likely to be cleared by arrest
SOC At St. Algebra College, the sociology and psychology departments have been feuding for years about the respective quality of their programs. In an attempt to resolve the dispute, you have gathered data about the graduate school experience of random samples of both groups of majors. The results
SW A large counseling center needs to evaluate several experimental programs. Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests. Did the new programs work?a. One program is designed for divorce counseling; the key feature of the program is its counselors, who are married couples working in
CJ About half of the police offi cers in Shinbone, Kansas, have completed a special course in investigative procedures. Has the course increased their effi ciency in clearing crimes by arrest? The proportions of cases cleared by arrest for samples of trained and untrained offi cers are reported
For each problem, test the sample statistics for the signifi cance of the difference. (HINT: In testing proportions, remember to begin with Formula 9.7, then solve Formula 9.8 and 9.9.)
SOC Are senior citizens who live in retirement communities more socially active than those who live in age-integrated communities? Write a sentence or two explaining the results of these tests.(HINT: Remember to use the proper formulas for small sample sizes.)a. A random sample of senior citizens
SOC Are college students who live in dormitories signifi cantly more involved in campus life than students who commute to campus? The data below report the average number of hours per week students devote to extracurricular activities. Is the difference between these randomly selected samples of
PA A number of years ago, the fi re department in Shinbone, Kansas, began recruiting minority group members through an affi rmative action program.In terms of effi ciency ratings as compiled by their superiors, how do the affi rmative action employees rate? The ratings of random samples of both
SOC Do athletes in different sports vary in terms of intelligence? Below are reported College Board scores of random samples of college basketball and football players. Is there a signifi cant difference? Write a sentence or two explaining the difference.a. Sample 1(Basketball Players)Sample
SOC Gessner and Healey administered questionnaires to samples of undergraduates. Among other things, the questionnaires contained a scale that measured attitudes toward interpersonal violence (higher scores indicate greater approval of interpersonal violence). Test the results as reported below for
For each problem below, test for the signifi -cance of the difference in sample statistics using the fi ve-step model. (HINT: Remember to solve Formula 9.4 for before attempting to solve For mula 9.2. Also, in Formula 9.4, perform the mathematical operations in the proper sequence. First square
PA The city manager of Shinbone has received a complaint from the local union of fi refi ghters to the effect that they are underpaid. Not having much time, the city manager gathers the rec ords of a random sample of 27 fi refi ghters and fi nds that their average salary is $38,073 with a standard
SOC/SW A researcher has compiled a fi le of information on a random sample of 317 families in a city that has chronic, long-term patterns of child abuse. Below are reported some of the characteristics of the sample along with values for the city as a whole. For each trait, test the null hypothesis
CJ A random sample of 113 convicted rapists in a state prison system completed a program designed to change their attitudes toward women, sex, and violence before being released on parole. Fifty-eight eventually became repeat sex offenders. Is this recidivism rate signifi cantly different from the
GER/CJ A survey shows that 10% of the population is victimized by property crime each year. A random sample of 527 older citizens(65 years or more of age) shows a victimization rate of 14%. Are older people more likely to be victimized? Conduct both one- and two-tailed tests of signifi cance.
PA Nationally, the per capita property tax is$130. A random sample of 36 southeastern cities average $98 with a standard deviation of $5. Is the difference signifi cant? Summarize your conclusions in a sentence or two.
SOC A random sample of 26 local sociology graduates scored an average of 458 on the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) advanced sociology test with a standard deviation of 20. Is this signifi cantly different from the national average (µ = 440)?
SOC A school system has assigned several hundred “chronic and severe underachievers” to an alternative educational experience. To assess the program, a random sample of 35 has been selected for comparison with all students in the system.a. In terms of GPA, did the program work?Systemwide GPA
SOC A sample of 105 workers in the Overkill Division of the Machismo Toy Factory earns an average of $24,375 per year. The average salary for all workers is $24,230 with a standard deviation of $523. Are workers in the Overkill Division overpaid? Conduct both one- and two-tailed tests.
SOC A random sample of 423 Chinese Americans has fi nished an average of 12.7 years of formal education with a standard deviation of 1.7. Is this signifi cantly different from the national average of 12.2 years?
SOC Nationally, the average score on the college entrance exams (verbal test) is 453 with a standard deviation of 95. A random sample of 152 freshmen entering St. Algebra College shows a mean score of 502. Is there a signifi cant difference?
SWa. Nationally, social workers average 10.2 years of experience. In a random sample, 203 social workers in greater metropolitan Shinbone average only 8.7 years with a standard deviation of 0.52. Are social workers in Shinbone signifi cantly less experienced? (Note the wording of the research
SOCa. The student body at St. Algebra College attends an average of 3.3 parties per month.A random sample of 117 sociology majors averages 3.8 parties per month with a standard deviation of 0.53. Are sociology majors signifi cantly different from the student body as a whole? [HINT: The wording of
a. For each situation, fi nd Z(critical).Alpha Form Z(Critical) 0.05 One-tailed 0.10 Two-tailed 0.06 Two-taile 0.01 One-tailed 0.02 Two-tailedb. For each situation, fi nd the critical t score.Alpha Form N t (Critical) 0.10 Two-tailed 31 0.02 Two-tailed 24 0.01 Two-tailed 121 0.01 One-tailed 310.05
SOC The results listed below are from a survey given to a random sample of the American public.For each sample statistic, construct a confi dence interval estimate of the population parameter at the 95% confi dence level. Sample size (N ) is 2,987 throughout.a. The average occupational prestige
SOC The World Values Survey (http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/) is administered periodically to random samples from societies around the globe. Listed below are the number of respondents in each nation who said that they are“very happy.” Compute sample proportions and construct confi dence
For each of the three sample sizes below, construct the 95% confi dence interval. Use a sample proportion of 0.40 throughout. What happens to interval width as sample size increases? Why?Ps = 0.40 Sample A: N = 100 Sample B: N = 1,000 Sample C: N = 10,000
For the sample data below, construct four different interval estimates of the population mean, one each for the 90%, 95%, 99%, and 99.9% level.What happens to the interval width as confi dence level increases? Why?X — = 100 s = 10 N = 500
SW A random sample of 100 patients who had been treated in a program for alcoholism and drug dependency over the past 10 years was selected. It was determined that 53 of the patients had been readmitted to the program at least once.At the 95% level, construct an estimate to the population
PA A random sample of 324 residents of a community revealed that 30% were very satisfi ed with the quality of trash collection. At the 99% level, what is your estimate of the population value?
CJ A random sample of 500 residents of Shinbone, Kansas, shows that exactly 50 of the respondents had been the victims of violent crime over the past year. Estimate the proportion of victims for the population as a whole, using the 90% confi dence level. (HINT: Calculate the sample proportion P s
SOC A random sample of 100 television programs contained an average of 2.37 acts of physical violence per program. At the 99% level, what is your estimate of the population value?X — 2.37 s 0.30 N 100
SW You have developed a series of questions to measure burnout in social workers. A random sample of 100 social workers working in greater metropolitan Shinbone, Kansas, has an average score of 10.3, with a standard deviation of 2.7.What is your estimate of the average burnout score for the
For each set of sample outcomes below, construct the 99% confi dence interval for estimating P u.a. P s 0.14b. P s 0.37c. P s 0.79 N 100 N 522 N 121d. P s 0.43e. P s 0.40f. P s 0.63 N 1,049 N 548 N 300
For each set of sample outcomes below, construct the 95% confi dence interval for estimating , the population mean.a. X — 5.2b. X — 100c. X — 20 s 0.7 s 9 s 3 N 157 N 620 N 220d. X — 1,020e. X — 7.3f. X — 33 s 50 s 1.2 s 6 N 329 N 105 N 220
To be accepted into an honor society, students must have GPAs in the top 10% of the school. If the mean GPA is 2.78 and the standard deviation is 0.33, which of the following GPAs would qualify?a. 3.20b. 3.21c. 3.25d. 3.30e. 3.35
SW After taking the state merit examinations for the positions of social worker and employment counselor, you receive the following information on the tests and on your performance. On which of the tests did you do better?Social Worker Employment Counselor X — = 118 X — 27 s = 17 s 3 Your score
SOC On the scale mentioned in Problem 6.7, if a score of 40 or more is considered “highly prejudiced,” what is the probability that a person selected at random will have a score in that range?
SOC At St. Algebra College, the 200 freshmen enrolled in Introductory Biology took a fi nal exam on which their mean score was 72 and their standard deviation was 6. The table below presents the grades of 10 students. Convert each into a Z score and determine the number of people who scored higher
Assume that the distribution of a college entrance exam is normal, with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. For each score below, fi nd the equivalent Z score, the percentage of the area above the score, and the percentage of the area below the score.Xi Z Score % Area Above % Area Below
You are the governor of the state and must decide which of four metropolitan police departments will win the annual award for effi ciency. The performance of each department is summarized in monthly arrest statistics as reported below. Which department will win the award? Why?
At St. Algebra College, the math department created some special sections of the freshman math course that used a variety of innovative teaching techniques. Students were randomly assigned to either the traditional sections or the experimental sections, and all students were given the same fi nal
SW One of your goals as the new chief administrator of a large social service bureau is to equalize workloads within the various divisions of the agency. You have gathered data on caseloads per worker within each division. Which division comes closest to the ideal of an equalized workload? Which is
SOCa. Below are listed the rates of abortion per 100,000 women for 20 states in 1973 and 1975.Describe what happened to these distributions over the two-year period. Did the average rate increase or decrease? What happened to the dispersion of this distribution? What happened between 1973 and 1975
CJa. Per capita expenditures for police protection for 20 cities are reported below for 1995 and 2000. Compute a mean and standard deviation for each year, and describe the differences in expenditures for the fi ve-year period.b. Find the Interquartile Range (Q) for both years.Does Q change in the
SOC Labor force participation rates (percentage employed), percentage high school graduates, and mean income for males and females in 10 states are reported below. Calculate a mean and a standard deviation for both groups for each variable and describe the differences. Are males and females unequal
SOC Data on several variables measuring overall heath and well-being for ten nations are reported below for 2000, with projections to 2010.Are these nations becoming more or less diverse on these variables? Calculate the mean, range, and standard deviation for each year for each variable. Summarize
SOC In Problem 4.7, you calculated means and medians for the median family incomes for 13 Canadian provinces in 2000 and 2006. Calculate the range and standard deviation for each year separately. What information do the measures of dispersion add to the measures of central tendency you calculated
In Problem 4.5 at the end of Chapter 4, you calculated measures of central tendency for four variables for 15 respondents. Two of those variables are reproduced below. Calculate mean, range, and standard deviation for each variable.Write a paragraph summarizing this statistical information
In Problem 4.1 at the end of Chapter 4, you calculated measures of central tendency for six variables for freshman and seniors. Three of those variables are reproduced below. Calculate mean, range, and standard deviation for each variable.Write a paragraph summarizing the differences between
Compute the range and standard deviation of the 10 test scores below.77, 83, 69, 72, 85, 90, 95, 75, 55, 45
Compute the range and standard deviation of 10 scores reported below. (HINT: It will be helpful to organize your computations as in Tables 5.3 or 5.4.)10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, 40, 50
SOC Professional athletes are threatening to strike because they claim that they are underpaid. The team owners have released a statement that says, in part, “the average salary for players was $1.2 million last year.” The players counter by issuing their own statement that says, in part,
PA The table below presents the annual person hours of time lost due to traffi c congestion for a group of cities for 2003. This statistic is a measure of traffi c congestion.a. Calculate the mean and median of this distribution.b. Compare the mean and median. Which is the higher value? Why?c. If
SOC A sample of 25 freshmen at a major university completed a survey that measured their degree of racial prejudice (the higher the score, the greater the prejudice).a. Compute the median and mean for these data.10 43 30 30 45 40 12 40 42 35 45 25 10 33 50 42 32 38 11 47 22 26 37 38 10b. These same
SW For the test scores fi rst presented in Chapter 2, Problem 2.6 and reproduced below, compute a median and mean for both the pretest and posttest. Interpret these statistics.
SOC The following table lists the approximate number of cars per 100 population for eight nations in 1999. Compute the mean and median for this data. Which measure of central tendency is greater in value? Is there a positive skew in this data? How do you know?
SOC The school administration is considering a total ban on student automobiles. You have conducted a poll on this issue by surveying 20 fellow students and 20 neighbors who live around the campus and have calculated scores for your respondents. On the scale you used, a high score indicates strong
SOC The table to the right lists the median family incomes of 13 Canadian provinces and territories in 2000 and 2006. Compute the mean and median for each year. Use these statistics to compare the two years, and describe the changes you observe.Which measure of central tendency is greater for each
SOC Following are four variables for 30 cases from the General Social Survey. Age is reported in years.The variable “happiness” consists of answers to the following question: Taken all together, would you say that you are (1) very happy, (2) pretty happy, or (3) not too happy? Respondents were
SOCFor 15 respondents, data have been gathered on four variables (table below). Find and report the appropriate measure of central tendency for each variable.
SOC You have compiled the information below on each of the graduates voted “most likely to succeed” by a local high school for a 10-year period. For each variable, fi nd the appropriate measures of central tendency
A variety of information has been collected for each of the nine high schools in a district. Find the most appropriate measure of central tendency for each variable and summarize this information in a paragraph. (HINT: The level of measurement of the variable will generally tell you which statistic
SOC A variety of information has been gathered from a sample of college freshmen and seniors, including their region of birth; the extent to which they support legalization of marijuana (measured on a scale for which 7 = strong support, 4 =neutral, and 1 = strong opposition); the amount of money
SOC Read and analyze each of the following pairs of population pyramids. For each pair, answer the following questions:a. Which nation has the higher birthrate (indicated by a broader base)?b. Which nation has the lower birthrate (look for a narrower base)?c. Which nation has the higher death rate
PA In Problem 2.10 in Chapter 2, you analyzed frequency distributions that showed the number of accidents on a particular highway before and after the speed limit was lowered. The data are reproduced below. Draw histograms for each time period. Do these pictures clarify the changes in the pattern
SOC The next three fi gures display trends in crime in the United States. Write a paragraph describing each of these graphs. What similarities and differences can you observe among the three graphs?(For example, do crime rates always change in the same direction?) Note the differences in the
PA/CJ As part of an evaluation of the effi ciency of your local police force, you have gathered the following data on police response time to calls for assistance during two different years. (Response times were rounded off to whole minutes.) Convert both frequency distributions into percentages
SOC Construct a histogram and a frequency polygon to display these data presented in Chapter 2, Problem 2.9. The data are reproduced here.52 47 17 8 92 53 23 28 9 90 17 63 17 17 23 19 66 10 20 47 20 66 5 25 17
(number of times residents of a senior citizen community left their home for any reason). The data are reproduced here.0 2 17 3 7 0 2 3 17 4 15 5 0 7 5 21 4 7 6 2 0 10 5 7
GER Construct a histogram and a frequency polygon to display the distribution of data presented in Chapter 2, Problem
a. SOC Construct pie and bar charts to display the distributions of sex, support for gun control, and level of education for the data presented in Chapter 2, Problem 2.5. The data are reproduced here for convenience.Sex Support for Gun Control Level of Education Age 1 Male 1 In favor 0 Less than
PA The city’s department of transportation has been keeping track of accidents on a particularly dangerous stretch of highway. Early in the year, the city lowered the speed limit on this highway and increased police patrols. Data on number of accidents before and after the changes are presented
SOC Twenty-fi ve students completed a questionnaire that measured their attitudes toward interpersonal violence. Respondents who scored high believed that in many situations a person could legitimately use physical force against another person. Respondents who scored low believed that in no
GER The number of times 25 residents of a community for senior citizens left their homes for any reason during the past week is reported below.0 2 17 3 7 0 2 3 17 14 15 5 0 7 5 21 4 7 6 2 0 10 5 7a. Construct a frequency distribution to display these data.b. What are the midpoints of the class
SOC Sixteen high school students completed a class to prepare them for the College Board exams. Their scores are reported below.420 345 560 650 459 499 500 657 467 480 505 555 480 520 530 589 These same 16 students were given a test of math and verbal ability to measure their readiness for
SW A local youth service agency has begun a sex education program for teenage girls who have been referred by the juvenile courts. The girls were given a 20-item test for general knowledge about sex, contraception, and anatomy and physiology upon admission to the program and again after completing
SOC The scores of 15 respondents on four variables are reported below. These scores were taken from a public opinion survey called the General Social Survey, or the GSS. This data set, which is described in Appendix G, is used for the computer exercises in this text. Small subsamples from the GSS
CJ The numbers of homicides in fi ve states and fi ve Canadian provinces for the years 1997 and 2005 are reported belowa. Calculate the homicide rate per 100,000 population for each state and each province for each year. Relatively speaking, which state and which province had the highest homi cide
At St. Algebra College, the numbers of males and females in the various major fi elds of study are as follows.Major Males Females Totals Humanities 117 83 200 Social sciences 97 132 229 Natural sciences 72 20 92 Business 156 139 295 Nursing 3 35 38 Education 30 15 45 Totals 475 424 899 Read each of
SOC The tables that follow report the marital status of 20 respondents in two different apartment complexes. (HINT: Make sure that you have the correct numbers in the numerator and denominator before solving the following problems. For example, Problem 2.1a asks for the percentage of respondents in

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