Statistics A Tool For Social Research 3rd Canadian Edition Joseph Healey, Steven Prus - Solutions

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For each research situation below, identify the independent and dependent variables. Classify the level of measurement of each variable.a. A graduate student is studying sexual harassment on college campuses and asks 500 female students if they personally have experienced any such incidents. Each
For each research situation summarized below, identify the level of measurement of all variables. Also, decide which statistical applications are used: descriptive statistics (single variable), descriptive statistics (two or more variables), or inferential statistics. Remember that it is quite
What is the level of measurement of each of the fi rst 20 items in the General Social Survey (see Appendix G)?
Below are brief descriptions of how researchers measured a variable. For each situation, determine the variable’s level of measurement.a. Race. Respondents were asked to select a category from the following list:_____ Black _____ White _____ Asian _____ American Indian _____ Other (Please
Below are some items from a public opinion survey. For each item, indicate the level of measurement.a. What is your occupation? __________b. How many years of school have you completed? _________c. If you were asked to use one of these four names for your social class, which would you say you
Find a research article in any social science journal. Choose an article on a subject of interest to you, and don’t worry about being able to understand all of the statistics that are reported.a. How much of the article is devoted to statistics per se (as distinct from theory, ideas, discussion,
as a framework, explain how statistics link theory with research.
In your own words, describe the role of statistics in the research process. Using the “wheel of science” in Figure
Calculate and interpret the multiple correlation coeffi cient (R 2).
Interpret a scattergram.
Defi ne and explain the concepts of population variance, total sum of squares, the sum of squares between, and the sum of squares within, and mean square estimates.
Explain the logic of estimation and the role of the sample, sampling distribution, and population.
Explain the principle of random sampling and the terms population, sample, parameter, statistic, representative, EPSEM.
Compute and explain the range (R), the interquartile range (Q), the standard deviation (s), and the variance (s2).
Select an appropriate measure of central tendency according to level of measurement.
Analyze and interpret the meaning of all graphs and charts presented in this chapter.
Identify which types of graphs should be used with variables at different levels of measurement.
Explain the usefulness of graphs and charts as descriptive statistics.
Distinguish between three applications of statistics (univariate descriptive, bivariate descriptive, and inferential) and identify situations in which the use of each is appropriate.
14.8 SOC The scores on four variables for 20 individuals are reported below: hours of TV (number of hours of TV viewing each day), occupational prestige (higher scores indicate greater prestige), number of children, and age. Take TV viewing as the dependent variable and select two of the remaining
14.7 Problem 13.8 presented per capita expenditures on education for 15 large Canadian cities, along with rank on income per capita and the percentage of the population that has graduated from high school. The data are reproduced below.Take educational expenditures as the dependent variable.City
14.6 SW Twelve families have been referred to a counsellor, and she has rated each of them on a cohesiveness scale. Also, she has information on family income and number of children currently living at home. Take family cohesion as the dependent variable.Family Cohesion Score Family Income Number
14.5 PS Problem 13.4 presented data on 10 electoral districts. The information is reproduced here.District Percentage Working-Class Unemployment Rate Voter Turnout A 50 10 56 B 45 12 55 C 56 8 52 D 78 15 60 E 13 5 89 F 85 20 25 G 62 18 64 H 33 9 88 I 25 0 42 J 49 9 36 Take voter turnout as the
14.4 SOC In problem 13.5, crime and population data were presented for each of 10 cities. The data are reproduced here.Take the three crime variables as the dependent variables (one at a time) anda. Find the multiple regression equations(unstandardized) with growth and urbanization as independent
14.3 SOC Data on civil strife (number of incidents), unemployment, and urbanization have been gathered for 10 nations. Take civil strife as the dependent variable. Compute the zero-order correlations among all three variables.Number of Incidents of Civil Strife Unemployment Rate Percentage of
14.2 SOC A scale measuring support for increases in the national defence budget has been administered to a sample. The respondents have also been asked to indicate how many years of school they have completed and how many years, if any, they served in the Canadian military. Take“support” as the
14.3. Substitute 10 for X1 and 75 for X2 to compute predicted Y.)d. Compute beta-weights for each independent variable. Which has the stronger impact on turnout? (HINT: Use Formulas 14.7 and 14.8 to calculate the beta-weights.)e. Compute the multiple correlation coefficient(R ) and the coefficient
14.5 to compute the partial slopes and then use Formula 14.6 to finda, the Y intercept.The regression line is stated in Formula
14.1 PS In Problem 13.1, data regarding voter turnout in five cities were presented. For the sake of convenience, the data for three of the variables are presented again here along with descriptive statistics and zero-order correlations.City Turnout Unemployment Rate % Negative Ads A 55 5 60 B 60 8
5. Explain the limitations of partial and multiple regression analysis.
4. Calculate and interpret the multiple correlation coefficient (R 2).
3. Find and interpret the least-squares multiple regression equation with partial slopes.
2. Recognize and interpret direct or spurious and intervening relationships.
1. Compute and interpret partial correlation coefficients.
13.9 SOC A social survey was administered to a random sample of adults. Fifteen individuals were then randomly selected from the sample. Their scores on five of the variables in the survey are reproduced below. Is there a relationship between occupational prestige(higher scores indicate greater
13.8 SOC The table below presents the scores of 15 large Canadian cities on three variables. Compute r and r 2 for each combination of variables.Assume that these 15 cities are a random sample of Canada’s 50 largest cities and test the correlations for their significance. Write a paragraph
13.7 SOC The basketball coach at a university believes that his team plays better and scores more points in front of larger crowds. The number of points scored and attendance for all home games last season are reported below.Do these data support the coach’s argument?
13.6 SOC Data on three variables have been collected for 15 nations. The variables are fertility rate (average number of children born to each woman), average education for females(expressed as a percentage of average education for men), and maternal mortality (death rate for mothers per 100,000
13.5 SOC/CJ The table below presents the scores of 10 randomly selected cities on each of six variables: three measures of criminal activity and three measures of population structure. Crime rates are the number of incidents per 100,000 population. For each combination of crime rate and population
13.4 PS The variables below were collected for a random sample of 10 electoral districts during the last federal election. Draw scattergrams and compute r and r 2 for each combination of variables and test the correlations for their significance.Write a paragraph interpreting the relationship
13.3 GER The residents of a housing development for senior citizens have completed a survey on which they indicated how physically active they are and how many visitors they receive each week. Are these two variables related for the 10 cases reported on the following table? Draw a scattergram and
13.2 SOC Occupational prestige scores (higher scores indicate greater prestige) for a sample of fathers and their oldest son and oldest daughter are shown in the table.Turnout and Unemployment City Turnout Unemployment Rate A 55 5 B 60 8 C 65 9 D 68 9 E 70 10 Turnout and Level of Education City
13.1 PS Why does voter turnout vary from election to election? For municipal elections in five different cities, information has been gathered on the percentage of eligible voters who actually voted, unemployment rate, average years of education for the city, and the percentage of all political ads
6. Test Pearson’s r for significance.
5. Use regression and correlation techniques to analyze and describe a bivariate relationship in terms of the three questions introduced in Chapter 11.
4. Explain the concepts of total, explained, and unexplained variance.
3. Find and explain the least-squares regression line and use it to predict values of Y.
2. Calculate and interpret slope (b), Y intercept (a), and Pearson’s r and r 2.
1. Interpret a scattergram.
12.15 In Problem 11.7, we looked at the relationships between five dependent variables and the independent variable political ideology. In this problem, we’ll use income as an independent variable and assess its relationship with the same set of variables. For each table, calculate gamma.
12.14 Random samples of foreign-born and non-foreign-born citizens from 20 countries were rated on a Social Distance Scale. Lower scores represent less social distance and less prejudice.How similar are these rankings? Is the relationship statistically significant?
12.13 SOC Below are the scores of a sample of 15 countries on a measure of ethnic diversity(the higher the number, the greater the diversity)and a measure of economic inequality(the higher the score, the greater the inequality).Are these variables related? Are ethnically diverse countries more
12.12 SW Several years ago, a job-training program began, and a team of social workers screened the candidates for suitability for employment.Now the screening process is being evaluated, and the actual work performance of a sample of hired candidates has been rated. Did the screening process work?
12.11 SOC A random sample of 11 neighbourhoods in Pearson, Ontario, has been rated by an urban sociologist on a “quality-of-life” scale(which includes measures of affluence, availability of medical care, and recreational facilities)and a social cohesion scale. The results are presented below in
12.10 SOC In a recent survey, a random sample of respondents was asked to indicate how happy they were with their situations in life. Are their responses related to income level?Income Happiness Low Moderate High Totals Not happy 101 82 36 219 Pretty happy 40 227 100 367 Very happy 216 198 203 617
12.9 SOC Are levels of stress and education related?Compute gamma, and describe the strength and direction of the relationship.Stress Level Level of Education Less Than High School High School Some College/University College/University Graduate Totals Low 48 50 61 42 201 High 45 43 33 27 148 Totals
12.8 SW A sample of children has been observed and rated for symptoms of depression. Their parents have been rated for authoritarianism.Compute gamma, Kendall’s tau-b, and Somers’sd. Compare the measures of association. Do they characterize the strength of the association in the same way?
12.7 PA All applicants for municipal jobs in Pearson, Ontario, are given an aptitude test, but the test has never been evaluated to see whether test scores are in any way related to job performance.The following table reports aptitude test scores and job performance ratings for a random sample of
12.6 Is support for sexual freedom related to age?Is the relationship between the variables different for different nations? The World Values Survey has been administered to random samples drawn from Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Respondents were asked whether they agree or disagree that
12.5 SOC Some research has shown that families vary by how they socialize their children to sports, games, and other leisure activities. In middle-class families, such activities are carefully monitored by parents and are, in general, dominated by adults (e.g., minor league hockey). In
12.4 CJ A random sample of 150 cities has been classified as small, medium, or large by population and as high or low on crime rate. Compute gamma, Kendall’s tau-c, and Somers’sd. Compare the measures of association. Are they similar in value? Do they characterize the strength of the
12.3 Compute gamma for the table presented in problem 11.1. Summarize the relationship in terms of strength and direction.
12.2 Compute gamma for the tables presented in problems 10.2, 10.6, 10.7, 10.9, 10.10, and 10.12. Because these tables are based on random samples, test the gammas you computed for significance.
12.1 SOC A small sample of immigrants to Canada, none of whom speak either of the nation’s two official languages, has been interviewed about their level of adjustment. Is the pattern of adjustment affected by length of residence in Canada?For each table compute gamma and summarize the
4. Test gamma and Spearman’s rho for significance.
3. Use gamma, Kendall’s tau-b and tau-c, Somers’sd, and Spearman’s rho to analyze and describe a bivariate relationship in terms of the three questions introduced in Chapter 11.
2. Explain the logic of pairs as it relates to measuring association.
1. Calculate and interpret gamma, Kendall’s tau-b and tau-c, Somers’s d, and Spearman’s rho.
11.8 Problem 11.7 analyzed the bivariate relationships between political ideology, the independent variable, and five different dependent variables using only percentages. Now, with the aid of measures of association, these characterizations should be easier to develop. Compute a phi and a lambda
11.7 If a person’s political ideology (liberal, moderate, or conservative) is known, can we predict their position on issues? If liberals are generally progressive and conservatives are generally traditional(with moderates in between), what relationships would you expect to find between political
11.6 In any social science journal, find an article that includes a bivariate table. Inspect the table and the related text carefully and answer the following questions:a. Identify the variables in the table. What values(categories) does each possess? What is the level of measurement for each
11.4. Compare the value of the measure of association with your impressions of the strength of the relationships based solely on the percentages you calculated for those problems.
11.5 Compute a phi and a lambda for problems 11.1–
11.4 SOC A needs assessment survey has been distributed in a large retirement community. Residents were asked to check off the services or programs they thought should be added. Is there any association between sex and the perception of a need for more social occasions? Calculate percentages for
11.3 PS How consistent are people in their voting habits? Do the same people vote from election to election? Below are the results of a poll in which people were asked if they had voted in each of the last two federal elections. Calculate percentages for the table, and assess the strength and
11.2 SOC The administration of a university has proposed an increase in the mandatory student fee in order to finance an upgrading of the varsity football program. A sample of the faculty has completed a survey on the issue. Is there any association between support for raising fees and the sex,
11.1 PA Various supervisors in the municipal government of Pearson, Ontario, have been rated on the extent to which they practise authoritarian styles of leadership and decision making. The efficiency of each department has also been rated, and the results are summarized below. Calculate
5. Compute and interpret three measures of association for variables measured at the nominal level: phi, Cramer’s V, and lambda.
4. Investigate a bivariate association by properly calculating percentages for a bivariate table and interpreting the results.
3. List and explain the three characteristics of a bivariate relationship: existence, strength, and pattern or direction.
2. Define “association” in the context of bivariate tables and in terms of changing conditional distributions.
1. Explain how we can use measures of association to describe and analyze the importance of relationships (versus their statistical significance).
10.15 SOC Some results from a survey given to a random sample of Canadians are presented below. For each table, conduct the chi square test of significance and compute column percentages.Write a sentence or two of interpretation for each test.a. Support for the same-sex marriage by age:Age
10.14 SOC A researcher is concerned with the relationship between attitudes toward violence and violent behaviour. If attitudes “cause” behaviour(a very debatable proposition), then people who have positive attitudes toward violence should have high rates of violent behaviour.A pretest was
10.13 SOC Does support for the legalization of marijuana vary by region of Canada? The table displays the relationship between the two variables for a random sample of 1,020 adult Canadians.Region Legalize? Atlantic Central Western Northern Totals Yes 60 65 42 78 245 No 245 200 180 150 775 Totals
10.12 SOC An urban sociologist has built up a database describing a sample of the neighbourhoods in her city and has developed a scale by which each area can be rated for “quality of life” (this includes measures of pollution, noise, open space, services available, etc.). She has also asked
10.11 SOC At a large urban university, about half of the students live off campus in various arrangements, and the other half live in residence on campus. Is academic performance dependent on living arrangements? The results based on a random sample of 300 students are presented below.GPA
10.10 PS Is there a relationship between political ideology and class standing? Are upper-class persons significantly different from lower-class individuals on this variable? The table below reports the relationship between these two variables for a random sample of 267 adult Canadians.Class
10.9 SOC Is there a relationship between length of marriage and satisfaction with marriage? The necessary information has been collected from a random sample of 100 respondents drawn from a local community.Length of Marriage (in years)Satisfaction Less than 5 5–10 More than 10 Totals Low 10 20 20
10.8 CJ A local judge has been allowing some individuals convicted of “driving under the influence”to work in a hospital emergency room as an alternative to fines, suspensions, and other penalties. A random sample of offenders has been drawn. Do participants in this program have lower rates of
10.7 SOC The provincial Ministry of Education has rated a sample of local school boards for compliance with province-mandated guidelines for quality. Is the quality of a school board significantly related to the affluence of the community as measured by per capita income?Per Capita Income Quality
10.6 SOC A program of pet therapy has been running at a local nursing home. Are the participants in the program more alert and responsive than nonparticipants? The results, drawn from a random sample of residents, are reported below.Alertness Status Participants Nonparticipants Totals High 23 15 38
10.5 PA Is there a relationship between salary levels and unionization for public employees? The data below represent this relationship for fire departments in a random sample of 100 cities of roughly the same size. Salary data have been dichotomized at the median. Summarize your findings.Status
10.4 Is there a “gender gap” in support of the Liberal Party of Canada among university faculty?To answer this question, a sample of university faculty has been asked about their political party preference.Party Preference Sex Male Female Totals Liberal 10 15 25 Other 15 10 25 Totals 25 25 50a.
10.3 SW A local politician is concerned that a program for the homeless in her city is discriminating against women. The data below were taken from random samples of female and male homeless people.Received Services?Sex Female Male Totals Yes 6 7 13 No 4 9 13 Totals 10 16 26a. Is there a
10.2 SOC Twenty-five cities have been classified as high or low on their homicide rates and on the number of guns sold within city limits. Calculate the obtained chi square for these data.Volume of Gun Sales Homicide Rate Low High Totals High 8 5 13 Low 4 8 12 Totals 12 13 25
10.1—see Tables 10.5 and 10.9. For each cell, subtract expected frequency from observed frequency, and record the result in column 3. Square the value in column 3 and record the result in column 4, then divide the value in column 4 by the expected frequency for that cell and record the result in
10.2, 10.4, and 10.8. Next, use a computational table to organize the calculation for Formula
10.1 For each table below, calculate the obtained chi square. (HINT: Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell with Formula 10.2.Double-check to make sure you are using the correct row and column marginals for each cell. It may be helpful to record the expected frequencies in table format as
5. Explain the limitations of the chi square test and, especially, the difference between statistical significance and importance.

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Statistics A Tool For Social Research 3rd Canadian Edition Joseph Healey, Steven Prus - Solutions

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