New Semester
Started
Get
50% OFF
Study Help!
--h --m --s
Claim Now
Question Answers
Textbooks
Find textbooks, questions and answers
Oops, something went wrong!
Change your search query and then try again
S
Books
FREE
Study Help
Expert Questions
Accounting
General Management
Mathematics
Finance
Organizational Behaviour
Law
Physics
Operating System
Management Leadership
Sociology
Programming
Marketing
Database
Computer Network
Economics
Textbooks Solutions
Accounting
Managerial Accounting
Management Leadership
Cost Accounting
Statistics
Business Law
Corporate Finance
Finance
Economics
Auditing
Tutors
Online Tutors
Find a Tutor
Hire a Tutor
Become a Tutor
AI Tutor
AI Study Planner
NEW
Sell Books
Search
Search
Sign In
Register
study help
business
statistics principles and methods
Fundamental Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 7th Edition David C Howell - Solutions
Hunt, Streissguth, Kerr, and Olson (1995) asked 14-year-olds to perform a spatial-visual reasoning task in which it was possible to evaluate the amount of time each person viewed a figure before responding, and the accuracy of that response. They also obtained the amount of alcohol the child’s
Hicks and Guista (1982) asked seven participants who habitually had less than 6.5 hours of sleep per night and nine participants who habitually had more than 8.5 hours of sleep per night to complete the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) at two-hour intervals for 30 days. The SSS is a measure of
Brown, Lewis, Brown, Horn, and Bowes (1982) investigated drug-induced amnesia as a way of shedding light on organically produced amnesia. They first presented participants with a list of words to learn and then injected the participants with either lorazepam (which produces amnesia) or saline.
Lobel, Dunkel-Schetter, and Scrimshaw (1992) examined medical risk factors, gestational age, and the mother’s emotional stress as predictors of low birthweight. How could they assess the relationship between these factors and low birthweight? (Note: Gestational age and stress predicted
Bradley and Kjungja (1982) experimented with the perception of subjective triangles.When you look at three points that form a triangle, there is a subjective impression of lines connecting those points to form the contours of the triangle. Bradley and Kjungja asked participants to view the
Hosch and Cooper (1982) looked at the role that being a victim rather than just a bystander had on eyewitness identification. In the control condition a confederate of the experimenter entered the experimental room with a participant, completed a few forms, and left. In another condition the
Robinson, Barrett, and Skeen (1983) compared scores on a scale of locus of control for 20 unwed adolescent fathers and 20 unwed adolescent nonfathers. How could they analyze these data if they were unwilling to make parametric assumptions? (Note: They found no difference.)
Cochran and Urbanczyk (1982) were concerned with the effect of the height of a room on the desired personal space of participants. They tested 48 participants in both a high-ceiling(10 ft) and a low-ceiling (7 ft) room. Participants stood with their backs to a wall while a stranger approached.
Vasta, Rosenburg, Knott, and Gaze (1997) compared the performance of four groups of male and females participants to Piaget’s water-level task, in which a participant looks at a partially full glass of water and then draws where the water level would be if the glass were tilted to the side. The
Most people are basically happy. Diener and Diener (1996) reported data on subjective well-being from residents of 43 countries around the world. The mean was 6.33 on a scale from 0 (most unhappy) to 10 (most happy). What would you do with data such as these?
Payne (1982) asked male and female participants to rank ten common job characteristics(e.g., salary, workload) for the characteristics’ personal importance to the participant and their perceived importance to a member of the opposite sex. The data were collected from 92 participants in 1973 and
Fagerström (1982) studied the effect of using nicotine gum as an adjunct to a standard program for giving up smoking. One group received the standard psychological treatment program normally employed by Fagerström’s clinic. A second group received the same program but was also supplied with gum
Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) collected online diaries of over 1,000 people for the period two months prior to 9/11/2001 and two months after. Entries for each person were computer scored for Emotional Positivity, Cognitive Processing, Social Orientation, Psychological Distancing, and
Many foods and beverages, such as coffee and scotch, are frequently termed “acquired tastes.” Pliner (1982) was interested in investigating whether familiarity with a flavor leads to greater approval—the “acquired-taste” phenomenon. She had 24 undergraduates taste each of four unfamiliar
Napier and Jost (2008) noted that conservatives are generally happier than liberals, and that this is mediated by differences in rationalization of inequality. Using national data collected between 1974 and 2004, they assessed increases in income inequality during that time period. They then looked
Pope and Yurgelun-Todd (1996) gave a battery of standard neuropsychological tests to light and heavy users of marijuana after both had abstained from marijuana and other drugs for at least 19 hours. What analysis could they use to compare the performance of the two groups? (The results showed that
Blair, Judd, and Chapleau (2004) studied the influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing. After studying 216 randomly selected cases, they found that black and white inmates received roughly equal sentences after controlling for the severity of the crime. However, within each
Pihl, Lau, and Assaad (1997) classified participants as being generally aggressive or not aggressive. These participants were randomly assigned to a drunk or sober condition, given significant amounts of alcohol or juice, and were then run in a study in which they both administered and received
Weiss et al. (2008) working in the area of terror management tested the hypothesis that reminders of their mortality will lead insecure people to move toward conservative positions and secure people to move toward liberal positions. This would not be expected to happen when presented with an
Carli (1990) compared males and females on their use of language and their influence on the listener. They compared male and female speakers who spoke either tentatively or assertively. They also took into account the gender of the listener. Separate groups of speakers were used for each sex of
Davey, Startup, Zara, MacDonald, and Field (2003) were interested in the role of mood on the degree of compulsive checking in which a person engaged. (Compulsive checking is involved in a number of psychopathologies.) Three groups of 10 participants each listened to music designed to induce a
Zaragoza and Mitchell (1996) showed participants a video tape of a burglary, and then asked them many questions about what happened. Some of the questions were deliberately misleading, such as saying “At the beginning of the scene, a young man dressed in jeans, a t-shirt, and gloves entered the
Franklin, Janoff-Bulman, and Roberts (1990) looked at the long-term impact of divorce on college students’ levels of optimism and trust. They compared students from divorced families and students from intact families. (Note: They found no differences on generalized trust, but children of divorced
Do people pay any attention to the pictures included in introductory psychology textbooks?Goldstein, Bailis, and Chance (1983) presented 47 participants with a large number of pictures and asked them to pick out the ones they recognized. Many of the pictures were taken from the introductory
Sullivan and Bybee (1999) reported on an intervention program for women with abusive partners. The study involved a 10-week intervention program and a three-year follow-up, and used an experimental (intervention) and control group. At the end of the 10-week intervention period the mean Quality of
Hygge, Evans, and Bullinger (2002) recruited four groups of children. Two of the groups lived near an airport that was just about to open, and the other two lived near an airport that was about to close. Those groups were further divided into children who were tested when there was aircraft noise
Klahr and Nigam (2004) studied the question of whether learning by “discovery” is better than direct instruction. Two groups of third- and fourth-grade children were asked to learn how to create simple experiments in which there is no confounding between explanatory variables. One group
The history of statistical hypothesis testing really began with a tea-tasting experiment(Fisher, 1935), so it seems fitting for this book to end with one. The owner of a small tearoom doesn’t think people really can tell the difference between the first cup made with a given tea bag and the
It would be possible to apply Friedman’s test to the data in Exercise 20.5. What would we lose if we did?
What advantage does the study described in Exercise 20.16 have over the study described in Exercise 20.15?
As an alternative method of evaluating a group home, suppose we take 12 adolescents who have been declared delinquent. We take the number of days truant during each of three time periods: (1) the month before they are placed in the home, (2) the month they live in the home, and (3) the month after
A psychologist operating a group home for delinquent adolescents needs to show that the home is successful at reducing delinquency. He samples 10 adolescents living in their own homes who have been identified by the police as having problems, 10 similar adolescents living in foster homes, and 10
Three rival professors teaching English 1 all claim the honor of having the best students.To settle the issue, eight students are randomly drawn from each class and given the same exam. The exams are graded by a neutral professor who does not know from which class the students came. The data are
One of the arguments in favor of distribution-free tests is that they are more appropriate for ordinal scale data. (This issue was addressed earlier in the book in a different context.) Give a reason why this argument is not a good one.
The results in Exercise 20.7 are not quite as clear-cut as we might like. Plot the differences as a function of the firstborn’s score. What does this figure suggest?
Rerun the analysis in Exercise 20.7 using the normal approximation.
It has been argued that firstborn children tend to be more independent than later-born children. Suppose we develop a 25-point scale of independence and rate each of 20 firstborn children and their secondborn siblings using our scale. We do this when both siblings are adults, thus eliminating
Nurcombe and Fitzhenry-Coor (1979) have argued that training in diagnostic techniques should lead a clinician to generate and test more hypotheses in coming to a decision about a case. Suppose we take 10 psychiatric residents who are just beginning their residency and use them as participants. We
Repeat the analysis in Exercise 20.2 using the appropriate one-tailed test.
Repeat the analysis in Exercise 20.2 using the normal approximation.
Kapp, Frysinger, Gallagher, and Hazelton (1979) have demonstrated that lesions in the amygdala can reduce certain responses commonly associated with fear (e.g., decreases in heart rate). If fear is really reduced by the lesion, it should be more difficult to train an avoidance response in those
McConaughy (1980) has argued that younger children organize stories in terms of simple descriptive (“and then . . .”) models, whereas older children incorporate causal statements and social inferences. Suppose we asked two groups of children differing in age to summarize a story they just read.
Hout, Duncan, and Sobel (1987) reported data on the relative sexual satisfaction of married couples. They asked each member of 91 married couples to rate the degree to which they agreed with “Sex is fun for me and my partner” on a four-point scale ranging from“never or occasionally” to
Peterson (2001) reports data on a study by Unah and Boger (2001) examining the death penalty in North Carolina from 1993–1997. The data in the table below show the outcome of sentencing for white and nonwhite (mostly black and Hispanic) defendants when the victim was white. The expected
Use an odds ratio to clarify the results of the Dabbs and Morris study of testosterone in Exercise 19.18.
Calculate the odds ratio for the table from Exercise 19.7 that combines the data of Clark and Clark (1939) and Hraba and Grant (1970).
Let’s see how students and faculty compare on a basic statistical question. Zuckerman, Hodgins, Zuckerman, and Rosenthal (1993) surveyed 550 people and asked a number of questions on statistical issues. In one question a reviewer warned a researcher that she had a high probability of a Type I
What does the answer to Exercise 19.16 say about the effects of sample size on the power of an experiment?
Stress has long been known to influence physical health. Visintainer, Volpicelli, and Seligman (1982) investigated the hypothesis that rats given 60 trials of inescapable shock would be less likely to later reject an implanted tumor than would rats who had received 60 trials of escapable shock or
In a study of eating disorders in female adolescents, Gross (1985) asked each of her participants whether they would prefer to gain weight, lose weight, or maintain their current weight. (Note: Only 12% of the girls in Gross’s sample were actually more than 15%above what normative tables say they
In Exercise 19.11 children were classified as those who never showed ADD-like behavior and those who showed ADD behavior at least once in the second, fourth, or fifth grade. If we do not collapse across categories, we obtain the following data:Exhibition of Remedial Nonremedial ADD-Like Behaviors
Howell and Huessy (1985) used a rating scale to classify children as to whether or not they showed Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)–like behavior in the second grade. They then classified these same children again in the fourth and fifth grades. At the end of the ninth grade they examined school
We know that smoking has all sorts of ill effects on people, and among other things there is evidence that it affects fertility. Weinberg and Gladen (1986) examined the effects of smoking on the ease with which women become pregnant. They took 586 women who had planned pregnancies, and asked them
In a study from the 1930’s by Clark and Clark, published in 1947, black children were shown black dolls and white dolls and were asked to select one to play with. Out of 252 children, 169 chose the white doll and 83 chose the black doll. What can we conclude about the behavior of these children?
I have a theory that if you ask participants to sort one-sentence characteristics of people(e.g., “I eat too fast”) into five piles ranging from not at all like me to very much like me, the percentage of items placed in each pile will be approximately 10%, 20%, 40%, 20%, and 10% for the five
From the point of view of designing a valid experiment an important difference exists between Exercise 19.1 and a similar example used in this chapter. The data in Exercise 19.1 will not really answer the question that the chair wants answered. What is the problem, and how could the experiment be
The chair of a psychology department suspects that some of his faculty are more popular than others. There are three sections of Introductory Psychology (taught at 10:00 am, 11:00 am, and noon) by Professors Anderson, Klansky, and Kamm. The number of students who enroll for each section are
Use Bonferroni tests with the data in Table 18.1 to compare performance at the following points:(a) Week 0 and Week 6(b) Week 0 and Week 12(c) Week 3 and Week 12(Hint: See the hint in Exercise 18.8. I would not recommend all of those comparisons for an actual study unless you have a very good
In Exercise 18.10 why did we treat Time as a repeated measure rather than as a betweensubjects measure?
What would you conclude from the comparison of the answers to Exercises 18.10 and 18.12? (You do not know how to run the appropriate analysis of variance, though you might be able to figure it out if you have the appropriate software, but the analysis itself is not the issue.)
In the study discussed in Exercise 18.10, the authors also ran a control group under the same conditions, but without the BST intervention. Those data (for males) follow.Follow-up Follow-up Pretest Posttest 6 Months 12 Months 00 00 00 00 69 56 14 36 05 00 00 05 04 24 00 00 35 08 00 00 07 00 09 37
St. Lawrence, Brasfield, Shirley, Jefferson, Alleyne, and O’Brannon (1995) investigated the effects of an 8 week Behavioral Skills Training (BST) program aimed at reducing the risk of HIV infection among African-American adolescents. The study followed males and females from a pretest to a 12
Use the protected tests with the data in Exercise 18.1 to help you interpret the results.However this time compare the mean of the two baseline measures with the mean of the three training measures. (Hint: As I pointed out, you can calculate the test as if these were independent samples because has
For Exercise 18.5 compare the results you had in the two analyses.
and draw the appropriate conclusions.
Run a repeated measures analysis of variance on the same data that you used in Exercise
If you were designing the study referred to in Exercise 18.1, what else would you like to have collected to clarify the meaning of your results?
Migraine headaches are a problem for many people, and one way of treating them involves relaxation therapy. A study of the effectiveness of relaxation techniques in the treatment of migraines was conducted by Blanchard, Theobald, Williamson, Silver, and Brown (1978). The data that follow are in
Becky Liddle at Auburn University published a study in 1997 on disclosing sexual orientation in class. She taught four sections of the same class, and at the week of the final lecture she disclosed her lesbian identity to two of the sections, and withheld it from the two others.She was concerned
In the Eysenck (1974) study analyzed in Section 17.1, the real test of Eysenck’s hypothesis about changes with age is found in the interaction. Why?
Calculate for the two main effects for the data in Exercise 17.13, choosing suitable groups for comparison.
Calculate and for the data in Exercise 17.13.
Calculate and for the data in Exercise 17.1.
Make up a set of data for a design that has no main effects but does have an interaction.
Calculate for the main effect of Level of processing in the data in Exercise 17.17.
Calculate and for the Maternal Adaptation data in Exercise 7.19.
Nurcombe, Howell, Rauh, Teti, Ruoff, and Brennan (1984) conducted an intervention program with mothers of low-birthweight infants (LBW). (It is often difficult to recognize signals from low-birthweight infants, and the program offered training in this domain.) One group of mothers received
If you go back to Exercise 16.2, you will see that it really forms a factorial. Run the factorial analysis and interpret the results. (The data are reproduced here.)Younger/Low 8 6 4 6 7 6 5 7 9 7 Younger/Hi 21 19 17 15 22 16 22 22 18 21 Older/Low 9 8 6 8 10 4 6 5 7 7 Older/Hi 10 19 14 5 10 11 14
Compute the necessary simple effects to explain the results of Exercise 17.13. What do these results tell you about the effects of smoking?
Run the analysis of variance on the data in Exercise 17.12 and draw the relevant conclusions.
In Chapter 16 we had three different examples in which we compared three groups on the basis of smoking behavior. We can set this design up as a factorial by using Task as one variable and Smoking group as the other. The dependent variable was the number of errors the participant made on that task.
In Exercise 17.10 you used traditional simple and effect procedures.(a) What would happen if you simply ran a test between LBW and FT means for multiparous mothers using as the pooled error term?(b) What would be different if you used the pooled variances of the two groups being compared?
Use simple effect procedures to compare low-birthweight and normal-birthweight conditions for multiparous mothers. (Do this by recalculating the error term rather than using from the complete experiment.)
In a study of mother-infant interaction, mothers are rated by trained observers on the quality of their interactions with their infants. Mothers were classified on the basis of whether this was their first child (primiparous versus multiparous) and whether the infant was lowbirthweight(LBW) or
With respect to the previous five exercises, what have you learned about how you might study for your next Spanish exam?
The results in Exercises 17.1–17.4 are certainly extreme, and the statistics look unusual.What might trouble you about these data?
Use the Bonferroni test to elaborate on the results of Exercise 17.4
Run the analysis of variance for the data in Exercise 17.1 and draw the appropriate conclusions.
Plot the means for the data in Exercise 17.1 to show what the data have to say.
Thomas and Wang (1996) looked at the effects of memory on the learning of foreign vocabulary. Most of you have probably read that a good strategy for memorizing words in a foreign language is to think of mnemonic keywords. For example, in Tagalog (the official language of the Philippines), the word
Using the data from Exercise 16.25,(a) Calculate and(b) Why do the two estimates of the magnitude of effect in part (a) differ?(c) Calculate a measure of using the most appropriate groups.
Langlois and Roggman (1990) took facial photographs of males and females. They then created five groups of composite photographs by computer-averaging the individual faces. For one group the computer averaged 32 randomly selected same-gender faces, producing a quite recognizable face with average
Use the Fisher LSD test to compare active smokers with nonsmokers and to compare the two groups of smokers on the data in Exercise 16.21. What do these data suggest about the advisability of smoking while you are studying for an exam and the advisability of smoking just before you take an
In the study referred to in Exercise 16.20, Spilich et al. (1992) also investigated performance on a cognitive task that required the participant to read a passage and then to recall it later. This task has much greater information processing demands than the pattern recognition task. The
What effect does smoking have on performance? Spilich, June, and Renner (1992) asked nonsmokers (NS), smokers who had delayed smoking for three hours (DS), and smokers who were actively smoking (AS) to perform a pattern recognition task in which they had to locate a target on a screen. The
Use the Bonferroni test for the data in Exercise 16.7 to compare the WL group with each of the other three groups. What would you conclude? How does this compare to the answer for Exercise 16.10?
Using the data in Exercise 16.2, calculate directly rather than by subtraction and show that this is the same answer you found in that exercise.
Darley and Latané (1968) recorded the speed with which participants summoned help for a person in trouble. Some participants thought that they were alone with the person(Group 1, some thought that one other person was there (Group 2, and others thought that four other people were there (Group 3,
Compute and from the results in Exercise 16.13.
For the data in Appendix D, form three groups. Group 1 has ADDSC scores of 40 or below, Group 2 has ADDSC scores between 41 and 59, and Group 3 has ADDSC scores of 60 or above. Run an analysis of variance on the GPA scores for these three groups.
Showing 5000 - 5100
of 6202
First
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Last
Step by Step Answers
Get 50% OFF
Claim Now
