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Statistics For Social Understanding With Stata And SPSS 2nd Edition Nancy Whittier , Tina Wildhagen , Howard Gold - Solutions
Research suggests that the overall population score for political engagement is
Does this difference of 2 points on the political engagement scale indicate a real difference between social media users and the general population? A one-tailed t-test yields a t-statistic that is larger than the decision t at an alpha of .01. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis, which states
A state passes a law prohibiting advertising targeting children (e.g., the use of cartoon characters in television ads to sell cereal). After the law’s first year of implementation, a group of researchers wants to know if children have adopted less materialistic attitudes. They cannot survey all
The sample mean is 68, with a standard deviation of
A meta-analysis of previous studies examining children’s materialistic attitudes suggests that American children overall have a mean score of 70 on the scale.a. Conduct a hypothesis test at the .01 alpha-level to assess whether children from the state that has banned children’s advertising have
As the size of the gig economy (i.e., work arrangements that depart from traditional job arrangements and rely more on short-term contracts) increases, observers have debated whether this represents a turn toward more freedom and autonomy for workers or a dangerous loss of job security. A recent
Consider the following two hypotheses:H0: Casual users of e-cigarettes have no more health problems than the general population.Ha: Casual users of e-cigarettes have more health problems than the general population.a. Explain the consequences of making a Type I error in this case? A Type II
A marketing firm believes that its advertising campaign has increased the favorability of its client’s product among the coveted eighteen to thirty-four demographic.Using a probability sample of eighteen- to thirty-four-year-olds, the marketing firm found that 75% of them said that they liked the
Chemists use litmus paper to determine whether solutions are basic or acidic.Blue litmus paper turns red if the solution is acidic, and red litmus paper turns blue if the solution is basic. Thus, the phrase “litmus test” generally means that the result of the test adjudicates between two
The cosmetics industry has been notorious for making products geared toward people with lighter skin tones, excluding people with darker skin tones from both marketing and product development. In September 2017 the pop star Rihanna released an inclusive makeup line called Fenty, featuring forty
During his presidential campaign, one candidate gave hundreds of speeches in which he mentioned the unemployment rate, promising to fix the “broken”economy if elected. One reporter noticed that the rates the candidate cited tended to be higher than the official unemployment rate released by the
A researcher is investigating whether the cost of rental housing in San Francisco is the same as the cost of rental housing in the San Francisco Bay Area overall.The mean monthly rent for a representative sample of 1,000 rental units in San Francisco is $3,500, with a standard deviation of $250.
Open GSS2016.sav. Use the “Independent-Samples T Test” procedure to run a two-sample test with worry as the independent variable and voted2012 as the dependent variable.
Use the output to answer the following questions:a. What is the null hypothesis?b. What proportion of people who are worried about losing their source of economic support said they voted in the 2012 election? What proportion of those who are not worried said they voted?c. What is the difference in
Open GSS2016.dta. Decide whether to use the “prtest” or “ttest” command to run a two-sample test with worry as the independent variable and voted2012 as the dependent variable. Specify that you want Stata to provide a 95% confidence interval for the difference.
Use the output to answer the following questions:a. What is the null hypothesis?b. What proportion of people who are worried about losing their source of economic support said they voted in the 2012 election? What proportion of those who are not worried said they voted?c. What is the difference in
Data from the 2016 American Community Survey showed that 23% of opposite-sex couples and 15.7% of same-sex couples had at least one member of the couple who was sixty-five years of age or older. Say that sample sizes are 450 for opposite-sex couples and 200 for same-sex couples. Do opposite-sex
Assume that the sample sizes for the two groups from Problem 1 are: Nopposite-sex =200; Nsame-sex = 100.a. Recalculate the standard error and sample z-score with these new sample sizes.b. Should the null hypothesis be rejected given these new sample sizes? (Use the same alpha-level, .025, as in
A professor is investigating dominant themes in children’s picture books. She wants to know if themes differ depending on the gender of the main character.After obtaining lists of all top-selling children’s picture books with a girl or boy protagonist over the last thirty years, she draws two
The research team from Problem 3 finds that the mean emphasis on appearance for books with girl protagonists is 30 (standard deviation = 8); for books with boy protagonists, it is 20 (standard deviation = 2).a. Estimate the standard error of the mean difference. Calculate sample t.b. Use the
A study conducted on behalf of the World Cup examined the cost of participating in organized youth soccer around the globe. In two random samples of families with children participating in organized soccer in the United States and Brazil, the mean annual cost of participation per child was $1,500
Using the same samples described in Problem 5, a researcher investigated how the income of fans of professional soccer in the United States and Brazil compared to the median national income in their respective countries. According to the sample data, 60% of professional soccer fans in the United
During the 2018 World Cup, some sports analysts and professional soccer players expressed concern that soccer in the United States is not accessible to people with lower incomes. Explain whether the results of the calculations performed in Problems 5 and 6 support this claim.
A group of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are collaborating to learn about whether men and women are affected differently by armed conflict in their countries. The group focuses their efforts on the effects of the civil war in Yemen.The NGOs assemble a team of 150 researchers to collect
Rapper Cardi B is proud of having grown up in the Bronx and believes that residents of the Bronx are her most loyal fans. Hot 97, a popular radio station in New York City, is sponsoring a contest to see if residents of the Bronx are more familiar with the lyrics of Cardi B’s hit song “Bodak
Cardi B is disappointed that the sample from the Bronx, as described in Problem 9, knew on average only 57% of the lyrics of her song “Bodak Yellow.” She says that she can’t declare the Bronx the winner based on what she sees as a low percentage. Instead, she wants to base the contest on the
Polling firm Buendía & Laredo collected random samples of all registered voters in Mexico in 2017 and 2018. Each sample included 1,000 respondents. Of the 2018 sample, 31% said that they had “very unfavorable” views of the United States, compared to 22% of those surveyed in 2017. A 2018 report
Many observers have claimed that millennials are more interested in astrology than members of Generation X. Imagine that you were conducting a two-sample test that would examine this claim, using random samples of millennials and Generation X-ers.a. What is the independent variable, and what are
Open ANES2016.sav and use the “One-Way ANOVA” procedure to generate an ANOVA test examining mean differences in feelings about whites across political affiliations. Use the appropriate dialog boxes to generate descriptive statistics, a test of equal variances, and Tukey’s post-hoc test.
According to the output, what are the sample means for Republicans, Democrats, and Independents? Rank the groups in order of feelings of warmth toward whites.
What is the null hypothesis for this ANOVA test? The alternative hypothesis?
What is the sample F? Use information from the output to show how the sample F was calculated.
Use information from the output to find the critical F for this ANOVA test.Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis by comparing critical F to sample F.
What is the actual p-value associated with the F-statistic reported on the output?
According to the output, can we assume that the variances of the feeling thermometer are the same across groups?
Which of the particular group means are different from each other at the .05 alpha-level?
Open the ANES2016.dta and use the “oneway” command to generate an ANOVA test examining mean differences in feelings about whites across political affiliations.
According to the output, what are the sample means for Republicans, Democrats, and Independents? Rank the groups in order of feelings of warmth toward whites.
What is the null hypothesis for this ANOVA test? The alternative hypothesis?
What is the sample F? Use information from the output to show how the sample F was calculated.
Use information from the output to find the critical F for this ANOVA test. Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis by comparing critical F to sample F.
What is the actual p-value associated with the F-statistic reported on the output?
What does the result of Bartlett’s test for equal variances mean?
Use the “pwmean” command to run Tukey’s post-hoc test.
Which of the particular group means are different from each other at the .05 alpha-level?
Safer Cities, a program working to ensure girls’ and women’s safety in public spaces in five cities around the world, collected data from a random sample of eighty-five women from Delhi who had experienced gender-based harassment in public. Respondents reported how they had reacted in their
The data in Problem 1 showed women’s sense of safety after experiences of gender-based harassment, based on their response to the harassment. The within group sum of squares is 1,189. Use this information along with relevant information from Problem 1 to complete the steps of the hypothesis test
The “word gap” refers to the finding that children raised in households with more resources tend to hear more words at home than do children in households with fewer resources. For example, one study found mean differences by social class in the number of unique words heard per hour by
Six evangelical Protestants, six mainline Protestants, and six people who are unaffiliated with any religion rate their agreement that lesbians and gays should be able to adopt children. Figure 11.8 shows three versions (panels A, B, and C)of the distributions of responses, by religious
In the book Harry Potter and the Millennials, political scientist Anthony Gierzynski examines whether reading Harry Potter has influenced the political views of the hundreds of millions of millennials who have read the books in the series.Imagine that we divided a sample of millennials into five
Dissatisfied with the results of the omnibus ANOVA test from Problem 5, a student generates a post-hoc test to examine precisely which groups differ from each other, on average, on political ideology. Table 11.13 shows the results of Tukey’s test.a. According to Table 11.13, which particular mean
Table 11.14 shows the number of days last year that nine people from different cities needed to carry umbrellas to shelter themselves from the rain.a. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?b. What is the value of the within sums of squares for each city? Explain why each
A study of the #MeToo movement, a movement against sexual assault and harassment, found in a random sample of adults that mean support for the movement (0 = no support to 100 = absolute support) varied by age, as shown in Table 11.15. An ANOVA test of the differences yielded a sample F larger than
A study presents the results of an ANOVA test of the relationship between family wealth and student debt burden in a sample of college students. Family wealth is divided into four quartiles. Student debt burden is divided into two categories: some amount of student loan debt, 1, or no student loan
The Student Activities Board (SAB) at a liberal arts college wants to study the effect of participation in extracurricular activities on students’ GPA. The SAB draws a random sample of students at its school and asks each respondent for two pieces of information: whether they participate in any
Open the GSS2016.sav. Use the “Crosstabs” procedure to generate a cross-tabulation between political views and Internet use, with political views as the independent variable. Click on “cells” and tell SPSS to include the observed frequencies, expected frequencies, column percentage, and
How many respondents are included in this chi-square analysis?
What percentage of conservatives use the Internet more than occasionally?What percentage of liberals do so? Is there a relationship between political views and Internet use in this sample? How do you know?
There are six cells in the body of the table. For each cell, calculate the difference between the observed and expected frequencies.
Which cell makes the largest contribution to the chi-square statistic?
According to the output, is there a relationship between political views and Internet use in the population? Explain how you know.
Open GSS2016.dta. Use the “tabulate” command to generate a cross-tabulation between political views and Internet use, with political views as the independent variable, and run a chi-square analysis of the relationship. Use the appropriate options to specify that you want Stata to include in
How many respondents are included in this chi-square analysis?
What percentage of conservatives use the Internet more than occasionally?What percentage of liberals do so? Is there a relationship between political views and Internet use in this sample? How do you know?
There are six cells in the body of the table. For each cell, calculate the difference between the observed and expected frequencies.
Which cell makes the largest contribution to the chi-square statistic?
According to the output, is there a relationship between political views and Internet use in the population? Explain how you know.
In 2017, the Pew Research Center found that 3,331 people in a sample of 4,971 U.S. adults got news from social media. Imagine that a researcher wanted to use these data to test whether there was a relationship between age and getting news from social media. She divided the sample into people
A phenomenon known as “summer melt” occurs when students who were admitted and scheduled to start college directly after high school do not show up for their first semester of college. Figure 12.10 shows the number of people, in a sample of 280 recent high school graduates, who did not show up
A researcher examines the sampling methodology for the data on income and summer melt shown in Problem
She realizes that the sample was drawn from a single school district that provides strong summer support to low-income students planning to attend college. She draws a new random sample of 2,800 recent high school graduates that is representative of the entire state. Figure 12.11 shows the
In 2013, the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) asked random samples of people from countries around the world whether they agreed that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants. Table 12.20 shows the percentage of people who agreed that their country
Table 12.21 shows the observed (top) and expected (bottom) frequencies for each cell of the cross-tabulation from Problem 4.a. Use the information in Table 12.21 to calculate the standardized residual for each cell in the body of the table.b. Explain why some of the residuals are positive and some
A group of social psychologists studying the effects of power and wealth on people’s behavior examined the relationship between the status, or prestige, of vehicles approaching four-way stops and the likelihood that the approaching vehicle would cut off other vehicles that were already stopped at
Imagine that the cross-tabulation of vehicle status and cutting off other vehicles, as described in Problem 6, actually looked like the distribution shown in Table 12.22.a. Examine Table 12.22. Does there appear to be a relationship between status of vehicle and whether the vehicle cuts off other
Horror movies are not usually critically acclaimed, but two famous horror movies were almost universally praised by critics: 2017’s Get Out and 1960’s Psycho.Get Out focuses on themes of racial inequality and violence, while Psycho examines sexuality, gender, and violence. A movie critic wants
Table 12.23 shows mean agreement with the statement that there are no longer significant barriers to women’s professional advancement, by gender. Agreement is measured on a 10-point scale, where 1 means completely disagree and 10 means completely agree. Is it possible to conduct a chi-square test
Psychologist Alison Gopnik discusses two prominent modes of parenting in modern America: the gardener and the carpenter. Whereas carpenter parents try to actively shape their children into particular kinds of people, gardeners concentrate on providing environments and resources that will support
Imagine that the same study described in Problem 10 were conducted on a sample size of ninety, but the distribution of children’s anxiety across parenting styles stayed exactly the same in terms of percentages, as shown in Table 12.24. The decision chi-square stays the same at the 0.025
Open GSS2016.sav file and use the “Crosstabs” procedure to run a cross-tabulation between libcons and intuse, with libcons as the independent variable.Be sure to ask SPSS to provide the chi-square statistic.
What percentage of liberals use the Internet “more than occasionally”? What percentage of conservatives do so?
Does the output suggest a relationship between political ideology and Internet use?
Use the “Crosstabs” procedure to run a cross-tabulation between libcons and intuse, controlling for age2. Be sure to ask Stata to provide the chi-square statistics.
Is there a relationship between political ideology and Internet use among the younger respondents? How can you tell?
Is there a relationship between political ideology and Internet use among the older respondents? How can you tell?
What kind of control variable is age2?
Open GSS2016.dta and use the “tabulate” command to run a cross-tabulation between libcons and intuse, with libcons as the independent variable. Be sure to ask Stata to provide the chi-square statistic.
What percentage of liberals use the Internet “more than occasionally”? What percentage of conservatives do so?
Does the output suggest a relationship between political ideology and Internet use?
Use the “bysort” prefix with the “tabulate” command to run a cross-tabulation between libcons and intuse, controlling for age2. Be sure to ask Stata to provide the chi-square statistics.
Is there a relationship between political ideology and Internet use among the younger respondents? How can you tell?
Is there a relationship between political ideology and Internet use among the older respondents? How can you tell?
What kind of control variable is age2?
In a cross-tabulation in chapter 3’s Problem 5, we saw that the importance of gun ownership to gun owners’ identity is related to whether gun owners support women’s rights. See Table 13.14 as a reminder of the relationship.A statistics student wondered what would happen to the relationship
In Problem 1, we revisited the original relationship between the importance of gun ownership to one’s identity and supporting women’s rights. Figure 13.26 represents the relationship.a. Draw a figure that shows what the student’s follow-up analysis was testing in Problem
Explain the figure. Was the relationship that was tested empirically supported?b. Consider the three criteria for determining causality discussed in this chapter: association, temporal and logical order, and ruling out alternative explanations. Discuss whether these conditions have been satisfied
A researcher studying hate crimes notices that more hate crimes tend to happen in states with larger populations. Table 13.16 shows a cross-tabulation of states’ population and prevalence of hate crimes.a. What is the relationship between population and prevalence of hate crimes, as shown in
In the wake of a devastating hurricane, data collected by a relief organization showed differences in the mean amount of time that people went without power, by age, as shown in Table 13.19.a. Describe the relationship between age and days without power shown in Table 13.19.b. Should we conclude
Analysis of recent data from a sample of men and women showed that younger people were far more likely to support the #MeToo movement than older people.Table 13.20 shows the relationship between age and support for #MeToo, controlling for gender. Support for #MeToo is measured on a 100-point scale,
Problem 5 in chapter 11 showed that millennials who read more Harry Potter books tended to be more liberal than those who read less. But does reading Harry Potter cause people to become more liberal? Imagine that we analyzed the relationship between reading Harry Potter and political ideology, with
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