Juvonen, Wang, and Espinoza (2013) investigated social prominence, physical aggression, and spreading rumors among adolescents at three time points. The outcome measures were based on peer nominations made individually by each participating student. Social prominence was assessed by asking students to name grade mates whom they considered the €œcoolest€. Physical aggression was measured by asking students to name grade mates who €œstart fights or push other kinds around€. Spreading of rumors was assessed by asking students to name grade mates who €œspread nasty rumors about other kids€. This exercise is only concerned with the results of analyses carried out on the fall of 8th grade data that were designed to test for gender differences. The table presented here presents a summary of the analysis results.

Summary of Fall of 8th Grade Results

1. For which of the variables was the difference between boys and girls statistically significant? For the significant difference(s), whose mean was higher, the boys€™ or the girls€™?

2. Would the significant difference(s) be considered large?

3. Would the significant differences be considered important differences?

4. Would the sample size be considered excessively large?

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Mean Variable (SD) Girls Cohen's d t value Boys n = 872 7.30 p value n = 1,023 Social prominence 7.00 48 .03 .71 (9.05) (8.48) Physical aggression 3.06 (5.60) 3.28 (4.87) <.001 .49 9.93 (8.98) 4.56 Spreading rumors <.001 4.80 .24 (6.01)