Zamboanga, Ham, Tomaso, Audley, and Pole (2016) investigated the effectiveness of classroom activities with respect to changing students€™ perceptions and awareness of acculturation. €œAcculturation refers to the process of cultural, psychological, and social change and adaptation that occurs when people from different cultural groups come in contact€ (p. 243). The researchers administered a pretest and posttest that contained items about learning the concept of acculturation and about application in terms of awareness, empathy, and sensitivity. Results of analyses carried out on the application items are displayed below in a table. Use the information in the table to answer the questions.

1. Which statistical test did the researchers use for the analyses?

a. t test for one sample

b. t test for two independent samples

c. t test for two related samples

d. t test for a correlation coefficient

e. One-factor F-test

f. Two-factor F-test

g. Repeated-measures F test

h. One-variable χ² test

i. Two-variable χ² test

2. With alpha equal to .05, were any of three pretest/posttest mean differences statistically significant? If so, which ones?

3. For the statistically significant differences, which mean was higher, the pretest mean or the posttest mean?

4. Degrees of freedom for all tests were equal to ___.

5. How many students provided responses for the analyses?

6. With a significance level of .05, critical t for a nondirectional test is approximately equal to ___.

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Pretest Posttest * df -7.86 38 Application Item t-test value M SD м SD Awareness of acculturation as a real- world phenomenon Empathy for immigrant groups who face some of the challenges associated with acculturation Sensitivity for immigrant groups who face some of the challenges associated with acculturation 1.69 1.45 6.79 .001 8.46 38 9.08 1.53 -3.99 1.20 8.33 38 .001 -5.59 38 7.54 1.47 .001 1.86 8.51